1. Current Issues in Sport
20th Century Sport
Current Issues in Sport

2. The Model Course 1902 Background Information
Military needs became more powerful than educational theory
Girls and boys instructed together: failed to cater for age or gender
Children treated as soldiers
Taught by NCO’s or teachers who had been trained by them
Dull + repetitive content
Set against the backdrop of poor diets, bad housing and other forms of social deprivation
All of the above contributed to the lowered status of the subject

3. The Model Course 1902 Objectives Content
Fitness (for military service)
Training in handing weapons
Discipline
Content
Military drill
Exercises
Weapon training
Methodology:
Command – response (‘Attention’, ‘Stand at ease’, Marching etc)
Group response/ no individuality
In ranks

4. Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909
Background Information:
Revisions of the 1902 model course
School medical service was established which identified the necessity of raising the general standard of physical health among the children of the poor.
Emphasis on exercise in the open air and the use of suitable clothing
1909 – local authorities required to train teachers to deliver the syllabuses
Still large numbers and poor facilities

5. Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909
Objectives:
Obedience and Discipline
Enjoyment
Alertness, decision-making, control of mind over body
1909 – therapeutic effects of exercise (with emphasis on respiration, circulation and posture)
Content:
Re-creative aspects to relive dullness, tedium and monotony of former lesson
Introduction of dancing steps and simple games
Inclusion of Danish and rhythmic swinging exercises

6. Early Syllabuses of Physical Training (PT) 1904 and 1909
Still formal
Still in ranks with marching
Still unison response to commands
A kinder approach by teachers
Some freedom of choice for teachers

7. The Syllabus 1919 Background Information:
Set against huge loss of life in WW1 and in post-war flu epidemic
The syllabus was progressive in terms its broader content and child-centred approach
Important Note:
The Fisher Education Act 1918 promoted holiday and school camps, school playing fields and school swimming baths.
Objectives:
Enjoyment and play for the under 7’s
Therapeutic work for the over 7’s

8. The Syllabus 1919 Content: Exercises and ‘positions’ same s 1909
Special section for games for the under 7’s
Not less than half the lesson on ‘general activity exercises’ – active free movement, including small games and dancing
1919 syllabus – the first ‘child centred’ syllabus, but some teachers stayed with their old ways
Methodology:
More freedom for teachers and pupils
Less formality

9. Syllabus of Physical training 1933
Background Information:
The industrial depression of the 1930’s left many of the working class unemployed
This syllabus - had one section for the under 11’s and one for the over 11’s
Influences:
The Hadow Report 1926 identified the need to differentiate between ages for physical training
A detailed, high quality and highly respected syllabus
Newman stated that good nourishment, effective medical inspection and treatment and hygienic surroundings were all necessary for a good health as well as a comprehensive system of physical training…..for the normal development of the body

10. Syllabus of Physical training 1933
Objectives:
Physical fitness
Therapeutic results
Good Physique
Good posture
Development of mind and body (holistic aims)
Content:
Athletics
Gymnastic and games skills
Group work
Methodology:
Still direct style for the majority of the lesson
Group work/tasks throughout
Encouragement for special clothing/kit
5 x 20 minute lesson a week recommended
Outdoor lessons recommended for health benefits
Some decentralised parts to the lesson
Decentralised - the teacher acts as the guide, with children working at their own pace answering tasks in an individual way

11. Physical Education and Modern Trends
The (Butler) Education Act 1944 aimed to ensure equality of educational opportunity and to provide playing fields for all schools
The Second World War required ‘thinking soldiers’ which influenced the need for ‘thinking children’. Assault course obstacle equipment, influenced apparatus design as well as encouraging individual interpretation of open tasks
Background:
The Butler Education Act 1944 aimed to ensure equality of education of educational opportunity
Local authorities were required to provide playing fields for al schools
School leaving age was raised to 15 years

12. Physical Education and Modern Trends
This influenced the problem solving approach…
Moving & Growing (1952)
Planning the Programme (1954)
Influences:
The 2nd World War, required thinking soldiers and the subsequent perceived need for increasingly thinking children.
Assault course obstacle equipment, influenced apparatus design
Modern educational dance methods influenced the creative/movement approach
Introduction of problem solving approach to learning (open tasks)
Also… The extensive post war rebuilding programme lead to an expansion of facilities

13. Physical Education and Modern Trends
Objectives
Physical, Social and Cognitive Skills
Variety of experiences
Enjoyment and Personal Satisfaction
Methodology
Child centred and enjoyment orientated
Progressive
Teacher guidance rather than direction
Content
Agility exercises
Swimming
Movement to Music