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The Story of Journalism
Chapter one The Story of Journalism
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Newsroom Heroes, Legends, and Folklore
Highlights from the history of journalism Mark Twain, Lois Lane, All the President’s Men, Good Night, and Good Luck Five myths about reporters Thirty slang terms for ‘reporter’
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The Rise and Fall of America’s First Newspaper
1690: Benjamin Harris published the first and only issue of Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick Four pages – print on three pages with fourth left blank for citizens to add more news and pass along Lacked printing license Accused of containing “doubtful and uncertain Reports”
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The Zenger Trial and Freedom of the Press
1735: Freedom of the press strengthened in the colonies John Peter Zenger jailed by governor for libel after printing accusations of corruption Eventually acquitted Citizens can criticize government Libel only occurs when “false, malicious, and seditious” statements are printed Andrew Hamilton was Zenger’s lawyer
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Patriotism, Propaganda, and the Revolutionary War
1729: Ben Franklin took over Pennsylvania Gazette, making it the boldest and best paper in the colonies 1765: The Stamp Act imposed heavy tax on printed matter. Editors protested and colonists united in forcing repeal. Revolutionary discussions heat up. Editors become bolder, exerting political influence and exhorting military action.
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Patriotism, Propaganda, and the Revolutionary War
By 1775: Isaiah Thomas, publisher of The Massachusetts Spy, demanded independence from England 1776: The Declaration of Independence first appeared publicly in the Pennsylvania Evening Post and was reprinted in 20 other colonial papers 1791: The Bill of Rights provided that “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech or of the press
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Emergence of the Penny Press
Innovations in printing allow for faster news access: Cheaper paper Faster printing 1833: Benjamin Day began selling the New York Sun for a penny a copy, pioneering the idea of ‘mass media’ These newspapers aimed at the interests of the common citizen
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The Rise of the Modern Newsroom
Newspapers become profitable with ad sales Hire and train reporters in professional way
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The Golden Age of Yellow Journalism
Sensational stories Lavish use of pictures Comics Features Crusades Publicity stunts Rumors Reached climax when William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (The World) battled for supremacy in New York, the nation’s media center
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The Golden Age of Yellow Journalism
Hearst, Pulitzer, and the Spanish-American War: Sensational coverage of Cuban rebels’ fight for freedom Inflamed readers Pressured politicians War was declared Circulation of newspapers skyrocketed $$$ Where can we see yellow journalism today?
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News in the Modern Age Radio and television brought an end to newspapers’ media monopoly Radio: the first medium to provide 24-hour stream of news coverage Television journalism: Came of age in the 1960s 1963: Nonstop coverage of the Kennedy assassination Newspapers’ response to competition: Tighter writing Better formatting Improved design Corporate consolidation
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