1. Chapter 38
Goal 15

2. Election of 1960 Richard Nixon (Republicans)
VP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr
John F. Kennedy (Democrats)
VP Lyndon B. Johnson
Role of Religion
JFK a Catholic
Role of TV debates
JFK wins (close election)
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3. John F. Kennedy Youngest president ever ELECTED (43)
“Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country”
Youth of America
Camelot
Young Cabinet
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4. “New Frontier” Domestic Programs:
Hard time because up against Republican and Southern Democrats
Wanted many reforms,
Medical care for aged, aid education, build up urban poor and Wanted to help economy with use of deficit spending (not passed)
Did get passed:
House Rules Committee expanded
Tariff Reductions
Increased defense spending
Increased minimum wage (1.25 per hour)
Extended Unemployment insurance.
Foreign Policy:
Peace Corps
Alliance for Progress (focus on Latin America)
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5. Race to the Moon
April 12, 1961 USSR cosmonaut (Yuri Gargrin) first human in space
US sees this as a challenge and does same thing less than one month later (Alan B. Shepard)
First man on the moon
July 20, 1969
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
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6. Rumblings in Europe JFK and NK met 1961
1961 Berlin Wall construction begins
“Iron Curtain”
Symbol of Cold War
Western Europe doing MUCH better, Thanks Marshall Plan!
Trade Expansion Act
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7. Foreign Problems and Solutions
Laos, 1954
Civil War, fear of communism
Change to “Flexible Response” not “massive retaliation”
Robert McNamara
Problems with this:
If we get in how do we get out?
Green Berets
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8. More Vietnam Vietnam split along 17th parallel
US backs the South (not democracy but not communist either)
US sends military advisers (aka troops) to protect south from north
US claims to want to stay out of “their war”
By 1964, 15,000 advisors in Vietnam…..
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9. Bay of Pigs Invasion
CIA trains Cuban exiles with goal of invading Cuba and getting people to rebel against Castro (March 1960)
JFK only learns of plan 9 days after his election (he approves it to continue)
April 17, 1961 ( Cuban exiles land on Bay of Pigs
After that nothing goes as planned (CIA reports success)
Cuban troops were ready for the US attack
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10. Conclusion US was disgraced, looked like “fools” to the world
JFK was blamed
JFK negotiates with Castro for release of troops, pays ransom of $35 million in food and medical supplies
US promises to return
Aid from USSR to Cuba increases
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11. Cuban Missile Crisis October 1961
Aerial photos show that USSR was putting nuclear missiles in Cuba
US does not like this, too close for comfort
US chooses to impose a naval blockade
NK says he will go past it
13 days of tension (very close to nuclear war!)
Eventually NK backs down
Deal:
USSR removes missiles
US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey and not invade Cuba
Beginnings of detente
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12. Civil Rights Continues….stop
JFK slow to move toward Civil Rights movement despite campaigning to do so
Freedom Riders
Voter Education Project
James Meredith
Birmingham Protest, 1963
“March on Washington”
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13. Death of Kennedy
Nov 22, 1963
JFK was in Dallas, Texas for meeting with Democrat Party of Texas
Riding in an open car in downtown Dallas, parade with Gov John Connally, his wife Nellie, and Jackie Kennedy
Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald
Nation Shocked!
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14. Reactions LBJ sworn in a president (Jackie was there)
Nov 24, 1963, Oswald shot by Jack Ruby (on live tv)
Not everyone believed gov’ts answer to JFK shooting
Warren Commission
Says Oswald acted alone
1979 Recommission says Oswald part of a greater conspiracy
Grassy Knoll
Cuba link
Mafia link, etc
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17. Lyndon Baines Johnson Signed Civil Rights Act started by JFK
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
“Great Society”
War on Poverty
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18. Election of 1964 LBJ (Democrat) vs Barry Goldwater (Rep)
Goldwater against Johnson’s programs, “extreme” conservative
Aug 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution
Goldwater and Nukes
LBJ wins! So do Democrats in Congress (yay for GS programs)
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19. Great Society War on Poverty increases Creation of DOT and HUD
Robert C. Weaver
Four Main areas of GS:
Education
Project Head Start
Medical Care
Medicare/Medicaid
Immigration Reform
Immigration and Nationality Act
Voting Rights
Voting Rights Act 1965
24th amendment
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20. More Civil Rights…. Freedom Summer (1964)
June 1964, Civil Rights murders
Selma, Alabama voter drive
Leads to passage of Voting Rights Act
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21. Black Power! Frustration with progress of non-violence, too slow!
Watts Riots (1965)
Malcolm X
Nation Islam
Elijah Muhammad
Death of Malcolm X (1965)
Black Panthers
Stokely Carmichael (SNCC) and Black Power
Detroit Riots
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22. Death of MLK April 1968, Memphis TN (Lorraine Motel)
In town support striking sanitation workers
Shot while standing on balcony of hotel by James Earl Ray
News of death led to widespread riots
Ray was captured at London’s Heathrow airport in June 1968
Ray takes a guilty plea and receives a 99 year prison term
Escapes prison (along with 7 others) in June 1977, captured 3 days later
Later claims he did not shoot King, asks for a retrial which was supported by King family.
Ray died in prison in 1998 of complications related to kidney disease
Allegations of a wider conspiracy, supported by King family
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23. The Vietnam War (in simple terms and lots of slides)
US involvement in Vietnam begins in 1950 during the French Indochina War (France’s attempt to reestablish its rule in Vietnam after WWII)
US provides France with massive economic assistance, US trying to fight communism
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25. French Rule in Vietnam
Late 1800s-WWII France rules most of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)
French colonists have rice and rubber plantations
Mistreat locals, locals don’t like it, many flee to China over the years where they form Indochinese Communist Party led by Ho Chi Minh (1924)
1940, Japan takes control of Vietnam
1941 Ho Chi Minh forms Vietminh, group whose goal it was to win the Vietnamese independence (US gives them aid), thought that had happened at end of WWII with defeat of Japan, declare Hanoi capital of Vietnam but….
France comes back at end of 1945, by 1950 US sending money to help France….
1954 Eisenhower, uses the “Domino Theory” to support US intervention
May 1954, France surrenders when Vietminh beat French troops at Dien Bien Phu
Split at 17th parallel, North Communist, South non-communist
Capital of North Hanoi, South is Saigon
Election to reunify country was to take place 1956
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26. Vietnam…
Election of 1956, never take place, Ngo Dinh Diem (southern leader) refuses to participate, US okay with this b/c afraid Ho Chi Minh would win.
US supports NDD but he sets up a very corrupt gov’t, but it is not communist so US says OK!
Ex. NDD (Catholic) restricts practice of Buddhism, religion of most of the people
1957 Communist group in the South, Vietcong, begin attacking NDD’s gov’t and kill many gov’t officials. (later group changes name to National Liberation Front)
VC supported by Ho Chi Minh, 1959 begins supply weapons to VC using network of paths along borders of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, called Ho Chi Minh Trail
South Vietnam very unstable!
1961, Kennedy begins sending in the military “advisors”
NDD’s gov’t gets worse on people ,protests are launced, burning of buddhist monks
Nov 1, 1963 US supported military coup gets rid of Diem, he is assassinated
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27. Vietnam…..
August 2, 1964 North Vietnamese patrol boat fires torpedo at American destroyer USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, torpedo missed
Happens again two days later (conflicting reports)
Based on this incident LBJ gets congress to pass Tonkin Gulf Resolution (Aug 7), allows “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression” (Blank Check), Not declaration of War.
Occurs during election of 1964
Feb 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder begins, first sustained bombing of North Vietnam
By June ,000 US soldiers in Vietnam fighting the VC
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28. Vietnam
Even after Tonkin passed, LBJ still not that keen on sending in ground troops by March 1965 LBJ sends in tens of thousands of US troops to Vietnam
Heavily advised by Robert McNamara (Sec of Def) and Dean Rusk (Sec of State)
Some Americans saw this as contradictory to his 1964 campaign but MOST approved of this as a “tough stand on communism” approval rating for LBJ and Congress good. 61% support war
Always those that disagree
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29. Vietnam End of 1965, 180,000 troops in Vietnam
US commander in SV, Gen William Westmoreland, keeps asking for more troops, says SV army (Army of the Republic of Vietnam, ARVN) not ready and not that good.
For early years of War, LBJ complies with requests of WW by 1967, 500,000 troops in Vietnam
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30. Fighting the War
VC use guerilla warfare, advantage of fighting in their own country, war soon reaches a long stalemate
Able to move in and out of population without notice (can’t tell enemy from friend)
Use women and children as weapons and traps
Build elaborate underground tunnel system, can disappear quickly and immune to airstrikes
Many booby traps and land mines
Vietnam weather also not a big help to US troops
Part of US strategy was to keep VC from winning over the respect of South Vietnamese people (give them no place to hide)
Try to get rid of jungle to expose tunnels and hideouts,
US plans drop NAPALM (gasoline based bomb that sets fire to the jungle) and AGENT ORANGE (leaf-killing toxic chemical), ruins many innocent villages and countryside for years, also later blamed for cancer
Large # of refugees from South Vietnam
As war continues morale of troops decreases, don’t understand point of war, turn to other “methods” to relieve the stress and deal with horrors of war
South Vietnamese government a complete mess and does not help US efforts.
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32. War at Home
As war gets more costly and more soldiers leave, US economy suffers.
Inflation rate triples
1967 LBJ asks Congress for tax increase to fund war and control inflation, Congress agrees but funding for GS programs have to be cut also
“Living-Room war” first time news media embedded with troops, Americans saw “real war” up close, visions of soldiers returning home in body bags effected Americans view on the war
16,000 troops die ( )
Americans say that government says we are winning but how can this be so? Creditability gap
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33. War at Home
Most soldiers that fought in war did so because of draft (selective service act) ages eligible, some tried to avoid draft
War of the poor
African Americans in Vietnam (why fight when discriminated at home?)
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34. Opposition
Growing dislike for war starts with young people, “New Left”, different than what they called “old left” of the 1930s, don’t want socialism, just want change
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) founded in 1960 by Tom Hayden and Al Haber. Said that big business had taken over government and America, wanted “real democracy” to be restored and more individual freedom
1964, Free Speech Movement (FSM) came out of UC Berkeley, result of disagreement b/w students and staff over free speech on campus. Let by Mario Savio
These groups and similar ones spread across college campuses real movement for change, it was possible, actively involved.
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35. The Counter culture “hippies” Spawns out of disagreement about the war
Baby Boomers are now college age
“Don’t Trust Anyone Over 30”
Music, Styles, and Drugs
Sexual Revolution and Birth Control
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36. Hippies “Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out” Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
Timothy Leary and LSD
A drug culture emerged. Smoking "grass" turned into dropping LSD. The dirty underworld of drug dealers and drug addicts emerged.
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
Decline of the Movement with Violence
Manson Murders
Drug Deaths
Hendrix and Joplin 1970
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37. Details, Details, Details
The roots of the counterculture went back to the "beatniks" of the 1950's. Poet Allen Ginsburg and writer Jack Kerouac's book On the Road were the prelude for the hippie generation.
Movies hinted at a frustrated youth too, like The Wild One with Marlon Brando and Rebel Without a Cause with James Dean.
One of the first big protests took place at Univ. of California at Berkeley in 1964 called the "Free Speech Movement." This protest was rather clean-cut, later ones would be "far out" with psychedelic drugs, "acid rock", and the call to "tune in and drop out" of school.
A "sexual revolution" took place in the 1960's.
The birth-control pill reduced pregnancies and made sex seem more casual. Feminists like the pill for freeing women from being pregnant all the time.
Gays called for acceptance. When some gay men in New York were attacked, the movement had some fuel. Later, in the 1980's AIDS popped up, mostly within the gay male community. This set back the gay movement.
The older and more traditional generations were appalled at these goings-on. They'd grown up through the Great Depression and WWII, were thankful for what they had, and understood sacrifice.
To traditionalists, the counterculture generation was little more than spoiled baby boomers. They had too much time in college to study mush-mush ideas and too much money in their pockets to fool around with.
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38. 5/13/2018

39. Protests April 1965, SDS organizes march on Washington, DC, 20,000 go
Nov 1965 do it again, 30,000 go
Feb 1966, LBJ says draft deferments of college students only occur if grades are good, leads to massive protests
Music of 1960’s reflects these believes and changes
Protest leads to resistance, burning of draft cards, etc.
President Nixon phases out the draft in the 1970s
Doves: those who strongly opposed the war and believed US should leave
Hawks: those who said we should up the ante and do all it take to win
LBJ says let’s up the ante, escalation!
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40. TET OFFENSIVE Jan 30, 1968 (Vietnamese New Year “Tet”)
Truce was called for war to allow for celebrations at the same time many war funerals took place (many coffins in the villages)
VC used this a plan to launch a surprise attack, hid weapons in the coffins, on Jan 30 attacked over 100 town in South Vietnam and 12 US air bases, and US embassy in Saigon
“Tet Offensive” lasts for one month before US can regain control of areas
On the whole US came out better, VC lost 32,000 soldiers, US lost about 3000
Tet shocks Americans who felt they had been led to believe that US was on top of things and war just about over, see that this will be a Lonngggg war, widens creditability gap
McNamara resigns, is replaced by Clark Clifford
LBJ’s popularity plummets, 60% disapprove of how he is dealing with the war
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41. Election of 1968 (even more slides)
Long before Tet Offensive movement had started within Democrat party had started to develop a candidate against LBJ for 1968 election (anti-war group)
Many wanted RFK, but says no due to party loyalty
Eugene McCarthy (Sen. from Minn) puts hat in the ring, platform is to end Vietnam War (Nov 1967)
Little movement at first but helped by Tet Offensive, gets 42% of vote in NH primary, LBJ gets 48% seen as defeat for LBJ
RFK then decides to run against LBJ (says public not for him) (March 1968)
March 1968 LBJ announces plan change in Vietnam, work to end war but continue escalation until then also says he will not seek reelection!
Later says that he hated the war because it took away from what he wanted to do, The Great Society
Goes back to Texas (dies 1973)
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42. Election of 1968
RFK assassinated in CA on June 5, 1968, had won CA primary, was in town giving speech, leaving hotel shot in kitchen by Sirhan Sirhan (Palestinian immigrant) did so because hated RFK’s policy on Israel
After LBJ says he wont run, his VP Hubert Humphrey decides to run.
Democrats= McCarthy and Humphrey
Have nomination convention in Chicago in August 1968
(reality was that Humphrey was going to get it, no real voting would occur)
Really makes many anti-war activists mad!, Led by SDS (Tom Hayden) nearly 10,000 protestors also show up in Chicago, want Democrat to accept anti-war platform AND some were there to cause problems for Democrat party
The group Students for a Democratic Society had stood against poverty and war. By this time, they'd started a secret group called the "Weathermen" which was essentially an underground terrorist group. They started riots in the name of fighting poverty and war.
Richard Daley (mayor of Chicago) wants to keep peace at all costs, calls in National Guard (12,000) and 5,000 police, gets out of hand, protestors are beaten, maced, arrested, etc. ALL with cameras rolling
Complete disorder occurs inside and outside convention
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43. Election of 1968 Republicans: Richard Nixon Democrats: Hubert Humphrey
American Independent: George Wallace (former gov of Alabama, states rights, no desegregation)
Nixon wins!
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