1. Psychology Stephen F. Davis Emporia State University
Joseph J. Palladino University of Southern Indiana
PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman
Metropolitan Community College-Omaha
Copyright Prentice Hall

2. Social Psychology: The Individual in Society
Chapter 15
Social Psychology: The Individual in Society
Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D.
These slides ©1999 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.
Copyright Prentice Hall

3. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
Social Psychology
Social psychology examines the causes, types, and consequences of human interaction.
Copyright Prentice Hall

4. Social Psychology and Culture
Cultural differences, such as individualism (in which the individual's goals are most important) versus collectivism (in which group goals are most important), can influence the results of social psychological research.
Researchers need to avoid ethnocentrism (viewing other cultures as inferior extensions of their own).
Copyright Prentice Hall

5. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Impression formation requires an actor and a perceiver.
The views of the perceiver, as well as the appearance and behaviors of the actor, influence the impression of the actor that is formed by the perceiver.
Copyright Prentice Hall

6. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Stereotypes are negative or positive sets of beliefs about members of particular groups.
Stereotypes reduce the amount of information that must be processed.
Stereotypes are very resistant to change because we tend selectively to notice behaviors that confirm our stereotypes.
Copyright Prentice Hall

7. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Our treatment of other people is prompted by our stereotypes
Prompting often brings forth the very behaviors that we associate with our stereotypes of those people.
Copyright Prentice Hall

8. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Some self-disclosure fosters a positive impression, but excessive self-disclosure early in a relationship may result in a negative first impression.
Copyright Prentice Hall

9. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
The process of attribution involves deciding why certain events occurred and why certain people behaved as they did.
With internal attributions, behavior is seen as being caused by factors that reside within a person.
With external attributions, the causes of behavior are viewed as residing outside an individual.
Copyright Prentice Hall

10. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
We are more confident in our attributions when behaviors are consistent and have also been witnessed by others.
The fundamental attribution error occurs when internal factors are emphasized to the exclusion of external or situational factors.
Copyright Prentice Hall

11. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Perceivers' attributions may be biased toward internal attributions.
Actors are biased toward external attributions, especially when failure is involved.
Copyright Prentice Hall

12. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Attitudes are evaluative judgments (negative, positive, or neutral) that are formed about people, places, and things.
Affect, cognition, and behavior are the three components of an attitude.
Discrimination consists of behaviors directed at members of a particular group that affect them adversely.
Copyright Prentice Hall

13. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Attitudes can serve ego-defensive, adjustment, and knowledge functions.
Copyright Prentice Hall

14. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Attitudes can be measured by Likert scales and evaluation of observed behaviors.
Copyright Prentice Hall

15. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall
How We View Others
Learning (classical and operant conditioning) and reduction of cognitive dissonance lead to the formation of attitudes.
Copyright Prentice Hall

16. Interpersonal Relationships
Attraction is the extent to which we like or dislike other people.
Copyright Prentice Hall

17. Interpersonal Relationships
Attraction is determined by proximity, affect and emotions, reinforcement and similarity.
Copyright Prentice Hall

18. Interpersonal Relationships
Friendship is a form of interpersonal attraction that involves a set of unwritten rules.
Copyright Prentice Hall

19. Interpersonal Relationships
Passionate love is characterized by strong emotional reactions, sexual desire, and fantasies.
Companionate love is characterized by a long-term relationship and commitment.
Several other types of love have been proposed.
Sex roles can influence the love relationship.
Copyright Prentice Hall

20. Interpersonal Relationships
Interdependence theory takes into account the costs and rewards in a relationship.
Each person develops a comparison level (CL), or expected outcome, for the relationship.
Copyright Prentice Hall

21. Interpersonal Relationships
Dissatisfaction occurs when the outcomes of the relationship fall below the CL
People leave a relationship when the outcomes fall below their CLs for other relationships.
Copyright Prentice Hall

22. Interpersonal Relationships
Prosocial behavior benefits society or helps others.
Altruism occurs when a person helps others with no thought of reward.
Copyright Prentice Hall

23. Interpersonal Relationships
Because it is difficult to prove that no reward is present when a person behaves altruistically, the genuineness of this behavior has been questioned.
Copyright Prentice Hall

24. Interpersonal Relationships
The bystander effect refers to the fact that people are less likely to provide assistance in an emergency when others are present than when they are alone.
Copyright Prentice Hall

25. Interpersonal Relationships
The bystander effect is attributable to potential embarrassment, fear of failure, and diffusion of responsibility.
Copyright Prentice Hall

26. Interpersonal Relationships
Aggression is any behavior that is performed with the intent of doing harm.
Hostile aggression occurs when the goal is specifically to harm another individual.
Instrumental aggression occurs when someone hurts another person in the pursuit of another goal-for example, during a robbery.
Biological views stress the inherited nature of aggressive behaviors.
Copyright Prentice Hall

27. Interpersonal Relationships
The frustration-aggression hypothesis predicts that frustration, or being blocked from attaining a goal, results in aggression.
In addition to frustration, the presence of anger and certain cues may be necessary for aggression to occur.
Copyright Prentice Hall

28. Interpersonal Relationships
Physical and verbal attacks, as well as adverse environmental conditions, may also elicit aggressive behavior.
A high level of general arousal can facilitate aggressive responding.
Copyright Prentice Hall

29. Interpersonal Relationships
Current statistics underestimate the prevalence of sexual aggression directed toward women.
Viewing of pornography is positively related to sexual aggression.
Copyright Prentice Hall

30. Interpersonal Relationships
Many incidents of rape can be classified as date or acquaintance rape.
Date rape appears to result from misperceptions, especially on the part of men, about the acceptability of sexual relations in certain situations.
Copyright Prentice Hall

31. Social Influences on Behavior
The use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behaviors defines persuasion.
The expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the source of a message are important determinants of persuasion.
Copyright Prentice Hall

32. Social Influences on Behavior
The most persuasive messages are those that;
attract attention,
draw conclusions (If the audience is passively involved),
differ only moderately from the attitudes of the audience,
are the last message heard (if action is required immediately),
are presented on a one-to-one basis.
Copyright Prentice Hall

33. Social Influences on Behavior
Naive audiences that are unaware of the intent of persuasive messages are more likely to be influenced by these messages.
If the audience has previously been exposed to a mild form of the persuasive message, persuasion will be more difficult.
Copyright Prentice Hall

34. Social Influences on Behavior
The cognitive approach to persuasion seeks to determine the thought processes that occur during persuasion.
Copyright Prentice Hall

35. Social Influences on Behavior
Obedience is the initiating or changing of behavior in response to a direct command.
In cases in which obedience will result in harm to another person, obedience increases with proximity to the source of the commands but decreases with proximity to the victim.
Copyright Prentice Hall

36. Social Influences on Behavior
If the source of the commands takes responsibility for any harm resulting from obedience to those commands, the likelihood of obedience is high.
Copyright Prentice Hall

37. Social Influences on Behavior
Conformity results from indirect pressure on an individual to change his or her behaviors and thoughts.
The authority behind these pressures is less obvious than in cases of obedience.
Copyright Prentice Hall

38. Social Influences on Behavior
Selecting the matching line seems simple!
However, one-third of Asch’s participants chose incorrectly to conform with the group.
Copyright Prentice Hall

39. Social Influences on Behavior
The decisions of a group may be riskier than those of individuals.
The risky-shift phenomenon is attributable to the group polarization effect, in which the original attitudes of the group's members are enhanced during group discussions.
Copyright Prentice Hall

40. Social Influences on Behavior
Compliance refers to behavior that is initiated or changed as a result of a request.
The compliance technique known as reciprocity involves doing something for someone else to make that person feel obligated to do something in return.
Copyright Prentice Hall

41. The Individual and The Social Group
The presence of other people increases arousal, which may result in enhanced ability to perform a desired response.
This effect is known as social facilitation.
Copyright Prentice Hall

42. The Individual and The Social Group
Social loafing occurs when people working on a group task that lacks individual evaluation perform at a lower level than they would if they worked alone.
Copyright Prentice Hall

43. The Individual and The Social Group
When there is no audience and only coactors are present, deindividuation may occur.
Deindividuation is the feeling of being lost in a crowd; it may lead to uninhibited behavior that is often unauthorized and destructive.
Copyright Prentice Hall

44. The Individual and The Social Group
Two types of leaders emerge in a group.
One leader is concerned with the tasks confronting the group; the other is concerned with the interpersonal needs of the group's members.
Copyright Prentice Hall

45. The Individual and The Social Group
Brainstorming, or free expression of ideas by the members of a group, is often not as effective in solving problems as the generation of ideas by individuals.
Copyright Prentice Hall

46. The Individual and The Social Group
The process of making group decisions that promote group harmony is known as groupthink.
Groupthink may hinder effective solution of problems.
Copyright Prentice Hall

47. The Individual and The Social Group
Prejudice is judging others solely on the basis of their group membership.
Stereotypes about the members of certain groups are an integral part of prejudice.
Prejudice may be reduced through contact among members of different groups.
Such contact is most effective where status is equal and common goals are being pursued
Copyright Prentice Hall

48. The Individual and The Social Group
Discrimination consists of behaviors directed at members of a particular group that affect them adversely.
Copyright Prentice Hall