1. INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING
INTERNATIONALIZATION
OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

2. GLOBALISATION
INTERNATIONALISATION

3. AUSTRALIA
1st professional institute with 45 members was formed
1886
INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN AUSTRALIA(ICAA)
1928
AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF ACCOUNTANT(ASA)=COMMON WEALTH INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANTS+FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANTS
1952
ASA CHANGED TO AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF CERTIFIED PRATISING ACCOUNTANTS(ASCPA)
1990
ASCPA CHANGED TO CPA AUSTRALIA
2000

4. SCOPE OF BODIES ACCOUNTANTS BUSINESS ADVISORS FINANCE EXPERTS
BUSINESS INFORMATION EXPERTS
POST GRADUATION PROGARMMES
UNDERGRADUATE IN ACCORDANCE WITH CPA OR ICAA

5. BANGLADESH
INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF BANGLADESH-main accounting body
Continuing professional education(CPE) to its members.
Core areas of CPE:
Financial accounting
Auditing
Financial management & Management accounting
Business and corporate laws
Taxation
Banking and insurance
Topical economies and financial issues
Information Technology & Business Information System

6. BRITAIN First country to initiate development of accounting profession
Popularly Known As United Kingdom
Three Main Institutes
Institute Of Chartered Accountants Of England And Wales
Institute Of Chartered Accountants Of Ireland
Institute Of Chartered Accountants Of Scotland

7. CANADA Three Accounting Bodies
CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS (CICA)
THE CERTIFIED GENRAL ACCOUNTANTS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA(CGA)
SOCIETY OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANTS OF CANADA (CMA)

8. cont. CICA Established in 1902 for Canada and Bermuda.
Eligibility for CA qualification process:
EDUCATION
A university degree and specific business course as well as professional program of one’s territory
EXPERIENCE
Work experience in a CA training office
EVALUATION
Three day uniform evaluation

9. Cont. Two other bodies CGA CMA
Founded in 1908 but officially established by an ACT OF PARLIAMENT in June 1913.
ENTRY to profession requires:
Completion of CGA professional studies which consists of 15 foundation and advanced courses, four professional admission certification examination and two business cases.
Also hold a post secondary bachelor degree.
Also grants professional designation in management accounting
To earn CMA designation:
Complete a university degree
Pass the entrance examination only
Complete a two year strategic leadership programme while gaining practical experience in management accounting environment.

10. CHINA 1ST regional institute of CPA in Shanghai.
October1,1986
Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Certified Public Accountants(CPA)
APRIL,1987
1ST regional institute of CPA in Shanghai.
November.1988
China institute of CPA(CICPA)

11. Cont. CICPA Responsibility of CICPA Registration of CPA,CPA firms
Conduct of CPA examination
EXAMINATION PROCESS
MUST BE A CHINESE CITIZEN
COLLEGE GRADUATE
WORKED IN ACCOUNTING OR ACCOUNTING FIELD FOR MORE THAN 3 YEARS.
EVALUATION PROCESS
APLICANT CAN EITHER BE
SENIOR ACCOUNTANT
ACCOUNTING PROFESSOR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
CPA’S are required to complete 120 hours of CPE every 3 years.
CPA EXAMINATION IS DIRECTED,ORGANIZED AND SUPERVISED BY MINISTRY OF FINANCE

12. Two separate professions
FRANCE
Two separate professions
Accounting
Regulated by the Order of Chartered Accountants under supervision of the Ministry of Economy and Finance
Auditing
Regulated by the Institute of Statutory Auditors supervised by the Ministry of Justice

13. Contd Entry to both profession through common study programme spread over multi stages exams with a minimum period of seven years
DPEFC
DIPLOME PREPARATOIRE AUX ETUDES COMPTABLES ET FINANCIERES
Requiring one or two years after secondary school
DECF
DIPLOME DETUDES COMPTABLES ET FINANCIERES
Requiring two years
DESCF
DIPLOME DETUDES SUPERIEURES COMPATBLES ET FINANCIERIES
Requiring one year
INTERN
3 year internship in a professional accounting firm monitored by a qualified principal, preparation of thesis, written exam and a oral test
OATH
Holders are eligible to take professional oath.

14. RUSSIA
FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING IN RUSSIA (FIAR)- accounting body
Differences between IAS and ones used in RUSSIA-resulting in deterioration of business conditions in RUSSIA
Crucial need in improving the environment
Attained by promoting global investors awareness, understanding the issue of dual accounting standards, promoting research, exchange of professional competence, cooperative links between Russia and western countries.

15. NETHERLANDS To be registered accountant:
Netherlands Institute of Accountants in 1895
1967,all bodies under NETHERLANDS INSTITUE OF REGISTERED ACCOUNTANTS
To be registered accountant:
Pass requisite examination from a Dutch university or a diploma from NETHERLANDS INSTITUE OF REGISTERED ACCOUNTANTS.
Only registered accountants are legally authorized to perform audit function since 1970.

16. KOREA
Subjects
Testing method
1st examination
Accounting, Business administration, Commercial laws, Basic tax laws,English,Basic economics
Multiple choice
2nd examination
Financial accounting, Cost accounting, Auditing, Tax accounting, Financial management
Descriptive test
Person has to go for practical training of 200 hours at accounting training institute of KICPA(KOREAN INSTITUTE OF CETIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS) supervised by MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMY IN KOREA.

17. contd.
Notice in newspaper not later than 30 days prior to the examination
Conditions to attempt the exam
Mode, date and time of exam
Subjects
Date, time and mode of notification of passing candidates
Services performed by CPA:
Audit examination, certification, computation, filing or proposals relating to accounting
Handling of tax matters

18. KENYA ICPAK(INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS OF KENYA)
Three accounting bodies regulated through accountancy act chapter 531 of the laws of KENYA:
ICPAK(INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS OF KENYA)
KASNEB(KENYA ACCOUNTANT AN SECRETARIES NATIONAL EXAMINATION BOARD
RAB(REGISTRATION OF ACCOUNTANTS BOARD)
Operate autonomously, governed by separate boards and perform different functions.

19. Setting and enforcing standards of professional practice
ICPAK-main body
Setting and enforcing standards of professional practice
Monitoring ethical behaviour and adjudicating over cases involving indiscipline
Providing maintenance of competence by updating members awareness and knowledge
Providing mechanisms through which training of accountants can be improved
Contd.KENYA

20. KASNEB-administers qualifying examination for accountants as well as company secretaries
Contd. KENYA
KATC(Kenya accounting technician’s certificate) for those who do not have academic grades for higher qualification
CPA certificate
RAB deals with registration and licensing of persons who have qualified to become CPA after completion of examination of KASNEB

21. USA 54 states and territories with own legislative bodies.
Two bodies in USA
AICPA- AMERICAN INSTITUTE OS CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS.
NASBA – NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE BOARDS OF ACCOUNTANCY
Requirements for qualification for CPA varies from state to state. But, largely the common requirements are;
Specified number of hours of education in accounting
Period of experience
Clearing a rigorous comprehensive examination conducted by AICPA

22. INTERNATIONAL QUALIFICATION EXAMINATION(IQEX)
Two ways to obtain CPA
CPA examination
INTERNATIONAL QUALIFICATION EXAMINATION(IQEX)
AICPA determines:
Content of examination
Prepares its questions
Decides on method of scoring
Prepares advisory scores
Conduct statistical analysis
NASBA serves as a body for state boards accountancy. Also offers IQEX.

23. Germany Two institutes : Institute Of Auditors and Chamber Of Auditors
Requirements: graduate from any university and at least five year practical business experience inclusive 4years of accounting profession.
Oral and written examination
Last they must be a member of WIRTSCHFT SPRIIFER KAMMER

24. Pakistan :-Two Institutes: Institute Of Chartered Accountant Of Pakistan & The Institute Of Cost And Management Accountant Of Pakistan
ICMAP OBJECTIVES
ICAP OBJECTIVES
To provide structural framework for qualifying the examination pattern
To provide detailed & depth knowledge of subjects
To provide practice in various aspects of accounting & business environment
To enable the students to apply the knowledge at top management & assessing the chief operating executive.
To provide the advancement in theory & practice of all aspects of accounting
To maintain high standard of code of conduct & ethics
To conduct examination
To provide recruitment & training
To update professional education

25. Ireland Institute Of Chartered Accountant Of Ireland Support to IAS
Support the need of financial reporting
Designated as per the Indian rules.

26. Nigeria Institute Of Chartered Accountant Of Nigeria (ICAN)
At present members with students on register
Requirements: the institute is not allowed to set up in public practice as an accountant until he/she applied for and been granted a license for practice.

27. New Zealand
Institute Of Chartered Accountant Of New Zealand with members within & overseas.
Three institutes : Chartered Accountant, Associate Chartered Accountant , Accounting Technicians.
Established a professional conduct committee
In favor of international financial reporting

28. South Africa
South Africa institute of Chartered Accountant (SAICA)
Accounting Journal "Accountancy SA”
SAICA Issued An Exposure Draft EDI158,first time application of International Financial Reporting

29. India Institute Of Chartered Accountant of India (ICAI)
Headquarter in Delhi , 118 branches , No. of students 5,18,799
Levels:
1. Entry level test
Common Proficiency Test
2. First stage of theoretical education
Integrated Professional Competence Course
3. Final stage of theoretical education
Integrated Professional Competence FINAL Course

30. Contd.
Requirement : a person should be of 18 years on the date of application.
foundation course includes 4 papers
Any student who registered is assumed to be the associate member of ICAI.
training of 100 hours in IT
Audit training 8months equivalent to 6 months article ship training
Continuous practice of less than 5 years is entitled to apply fellowship & designated as FCA
By the end he/she also completed his/her graduation degree from the recognized university.

31. Factors Induce Internationalization Of Accounting Profession
GLOBAL INVESTORS
MUTUAL RECOGNITION
RECIPROCITY