1. ©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

2. The Lecture After the Last
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

3. ©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

4. General Circulation
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

5. General Circulation Keywords Direct Thermal Circulation Hadley Cell
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Trade Winds
Prevailing Westerlies
Polar Front
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

6. General Circulation
Air returning to the equator creates the trades winds
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

7. El Niño/La Niña
Ocean circulation follows the circulation of the atmosphere
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

8. Sea Surface Temperature
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

9. General Ocean Circulation
Path of tropical storms carries energy from tropics towards poles
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

10. ©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

11. CaCO3shells of ocean plankton from the Norwegian Sea and the Gulf of Mexico record pulses of low d18O meltwater delivery from nearby ice sheets.
[from Ruddiman, 2001]
Climate
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

12. Area (km2)
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

13. Sea Level Rise
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

14. Sea Level Rise
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

15. Sea Level Rise
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

16. Sea Level Rise
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

17. Ocean Circulation
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

18. El Niño/La Niña
The Effect of the wind is to transport surface water away from the coast
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

19. El Niño/La Niña Transition
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

20. El Niño/La Niña
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

21. El Niño/La Niña
Temperature and height of water normally varies across Pacific with warmest water pooled in west
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

22. El Niño/La Niña
During El Niño event the warm water flows back to the east and upwelling there is curtailed
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan

23. El Niño/La Niña
©2004 Perry Samson, University of Michigan