1. UNIT 8 – POST WORLD WAR II GEORGIA
SS8H10 – THE STUDENT WILL EVALUATE KEY POST WORLD WAR II DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA FROM 1945 TO 1970.
ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON GEORGIA’S GROWTH.
EXPLAIN HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATLANTA, INCLUDING THE ROLES OF MAYORS WILLIAM HARTSFIELD, AND IVAN ALLEN JR., AND MAJOR LEAGUE SPORTS, CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF GEORGIA.
DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF ELLIS ARNALL

2. Transformation of Agriculture SS810a
Farming underwent major
changes in the time period
following WWII
1. New farming techniques
pesticides, fertilizer, crop rotation
etc.
2. Mechanization:
-tractors and other motorized
Implements
-As a result, farming became
more efficient… less farmers,
bigger farms.
-Boll weevil, industrialization,
AAA, and the transformation of
agriculture all led to a
population shift from rural to
urban areas.

5. INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING AFTER WORLD WAR II
War time industries converted back to civilian industries
Georgia becomes more industrial than agricultural (1st time ever)
Small farmers move to urban areas in search of high pay and better lifestyle
Entire state
New jobs
New markets
Transportation needs (Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus)
Businesses came to Georgia
Mild climate
Low taxes
Non-union workers
Aviation (Delta, Lockheed)
CDC (CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL)

7. G.I. Bill G.I Bill: -Lots of veterans coming Home -Economic boom
-Baby Boom
-After the war, Congress
passed the “GI bill of rights.”
which gave war vets free
college education
-In 1946 at UGA 60% of
students were veterans
-As a result, many veterans
left the family farm and
went to college this was also
part of a huge population
shift to urban areas

9. Reduction in Farm Life The G.I. Bill, plus new
fibers, plus advances in
farming technology…
1. Equated to many
farmers leaving farming
b/c fewer farmers were
needed.
2. As cotton demand
declined, GA. Diversified
even more
-peanuts,
soybeans, tobacco and
pine trees became popular

11. William Hartsfield Mayor of Atlanta
and (served the longest term in office)
-Convinced the city to build
an airport
-Developed the airport
into a national aviation
Center
-Touted Atlanta as “The
city too busy to hate.”
WAS A MAJOR PLAYER IN ATLANTA’S LESS VIOLENT TRANSITION THROUGH THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.
WAS THE FIRST TO HIRE BLACK POLICE OFFICERS
After his death in 1971 Atlanta named its airport Hartsfield International in his honor.

12. Ivan Allen Jr. Mayor of Atlanta (1962-1970) -Forward minded
-Removed “colored” and
“white” signs in city hall on
1st day
-Wanted to move ATL from
a “minor” to a “major” city
-“Forward Atlanta”
-Built new stadium/attract
pro team
(Braves,Hawks,Falcons)
-Develop rapid rail
transportation (I-285 MARTA)
-Kept public schools open
through integration

13. Major League Sports Ivan Allen Jr. worked tirelessly
to bring the Braves to Atlanta
 He believed that if Atlanta built
the stadium the team would
come
 Allen wanted to change Atlanta
from a “minor league” to a “major league” city
 1st regular season game on
April 12, 1966
 Atlanta Fulton County Stadium
 Braves
 Falcons

14. Hawks and Falcons Tony Gonzalez Dominique Wilkins
The Atlanta Hawks came to
Atlanta in 1968
The Atlanta Falcons came to
Atlanta in 1966

15. Ellis Arnall Elected Governor during WWII  Governor (1943-1947)
First four yr. term governor in GA
 Progressive
 Youngest GA governor
at 35
As governor…
 Created Teacher
Retirement System
 Paid off State debt
 Reformed prisons
 Repealed the poll tax
 Lowered the voting age to 18
 Helped UGA restore its
accreditation

16. Georgia and the Modern Civil Rights Movement
SS8H11 - The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.

17. End of the white primary Brown vs. Board of Education
SS8H11 - The student will describe the major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s to include the roles of :
Herman Talmadge
Benjamin Mays
1946 governor’s race
End of the white primary
Brown vs. Board of Education
Martin Luther King, Jr.
1956 state flag
SNCC
Albany Movement
The Sibley Commission
March on Washington
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Maynard Jackson
Lester Maddox
Andrew Young

18. Herman Talmadge Career Views  1st took office in 1946
Governor’s controversy
Eugene Talmadge’s son
 Staunch Segregationist
 Governor of GA
Briefly in 1947
Lobbied for state sales
tax to fund public education
 U.S. Senator
representing GA
Views
 Fought to prevent
desegregation of public
schools while governor
 Fought to prevent civil
rights legislation in the
U.S. Senate
 Supported programs to
help GA farmers

19. Three Governor’s Controversy of 1946
I’ll show them.
If I never leave
I’ll still be the
governor.
Um no… It says
here that I’m
the Governor!
I’m the Governor!!
Ellis Arnall
Herman Talmadge
Melvin Thompson

20. 1946 Governor’s Race Eugene Talmadge was elected to a 4th term
 Died before general election
 Lt. Governor Elect Melvin E. Thompson claimed that he
would be the governor.
 Write in campaign for Herman Talmadge
Legislature said they would choose new governor from top 2 vote-getters, H. Talmadge came in 3rd.
 “Missing votes” showed up in H. Talmadge’s home
county making him have most votes
 Herman Talmadge claimed to be Governor and took
office by force.
Ellis Arnall refused to leave office until the matter was settled
 Supreme court ruled against H. Talmadge and M.E.
Thompson took office (temporarily)
 Special election held and H. Talmadge (legally) elected as governor

21. Arnall refused to leave…

22. The influence of BENJAMIN MAYS, father of the Modern Civil Rights Movement
Minister & educator; President of Morehouse College in Atlanta ( )
Influenced by the non-violent teachings of Gandhi
Believed that all human beings must be treated with dignity
Spoke out against segregation before the Civil Rights movement began
Worked with the NAACP
Became a teacher and father-figure (mentor) to Martin Luther King, Jr.

23. The influence of MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR
The influence of MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., leader of the Modern Civil Rights Movement
Born in Atlanta, GA
Studied at Morehouse College under
Benjamin Mays
Believed in non-violent methods of
protest to bring about change:
marches, demonstrations, and
boycotts.
Led a bus boycott that ended bus
segregation in Montgomery, AL.
Founded the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC) to lead anti-discrimination protests.
Led March on Washington
Won Nobel Peace Prize

24. Facts about MLK -Helped to form the SCLC in 1957
-Became co-pastor of Ebenezer Baptist in Atlanta (with his father) in 1959
-Birmingham arrest – 1963
-March on Washington
(“Dream speech”) 1963
-Nobel Peace Prize – 1964
-Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Time Magazine Man of the Year 1963
Killed in Memphis Tennessee April 4th 1968

25. THE GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED!!! White Primary
only whites could vote in primary elections
In 1946, the courts ruled that the Democratic white primary in Georgia was an unconstitutional violation of the 14th Amendment (the “equal protection” clause).
After the 1946 election of Herman Talmadge, and for a time, several segregationists politicians were elected by Georgia voters who worked to continue Jim Crow laws in the state.
GA. ignored ruling until 1960’s

26. THE GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED!!! Brown vs. Board of Education
In 1954, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) won a landmark decision in the United States Supreme Court.
According to the Supreme Court, segregated schools were unconstitutional (the “equal Protection” clause).

27. was now illegal because.
“Separate but equal”
was now illegal because.
SEPARATE IS NEVER EQUAL!!!
Many southern states protested the
Supreme Court’s decision,
including Georgia
Mass Resistance!!!!!

28. In 1956, to demonstrate its disagreement with the Brown decision,
GA. changed its state flag to include the Confederate battle flag.

29. Georgia’s state flag
1st national Flag of the Confederacy
Current Flag

30. By the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement was well underway and was gaining momentum
The founding of the SNCC (Snick)
Several students adopted King’s strategy of non-violent protest and formed the Student
Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
One of the leaders of SNCC was Georgia native and Morehouse College graduate, Julian Bond. Bond was later elected to the U.S. Senate for Georgia.
SNCC used sit-ins at lunch counters, Freedom rides to raise awareness and later expanded to promote voter registration in the South.
Part of the Albany Movement

31. The Sibley Commission
After schools were ordered desegregated in 1954 by the Brown decision, Georgia refused to cooperate and threatened to stop funding (through the General Assembly)
any schools that integrated.
In 1960, Georgia’s government formed a
commission to ask Georgians how they felt
about the matter. The commission was led
by influential Atlanta lawyer John Sibley.
The Sibley Commission According to the Commission’s findings...
GA had mixed feelings
Therefore, Sibley recommended:
a) Each school district should be able to decide for itself their own policy on integration
b) State laws punishing integrated schools should be repealed

32. The Integration of the University of Georgia
By order of the U.S. District Court in Athens, GA, the University of Georgia was ordered to be integrated.
Despite angry protests and threats, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first two African- Americans

34. The Albany Movement
From fall 1961 to summer 1962, a desegregation movement
took place in Albany, GA, involving the NAACP and SNCC.
Goal - Bring national attention to the Civil Rights movement
by ending all types of segregation in Albany (buses, trains, libraries, hospitals, juries, etc. ).
In order to draw American attention
to Albany, the NAACP and SNCC recruited

35. The Albany Movement
Despite King’s assistance, the Albany movement FAILED
By December 1961, 500 protesters were arrested.
Albany’s police chief used peaceful tactics to
avoid negative publicity.
The NAACP and the SNCC were often at odds with one another.
The Albany movement did not concentrate on a
single kind of segregation –
IT TRIED TO DO TOO MUCH

36. The March on Washington
In August 1963, more than 250,000 people converged on Washington, D.C. to demand equal rights for blacks.
Here, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream”speech ...

37. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965
March on Washington led the Senate to consider passing the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination in all public places and making it illegal to discriminate in employment on the basis of race or sex.
This act prohibited states from imposing any voting qualification on voting or denying the rights of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.
The Civil Rights Act was signed into law by
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, widely considered the Civil Rights President.

38. The Election of Governor Lester Maddox
In 1966, Maddox ran for Governor and was elected.
He surprised many by hiring more blacks for government jobs than any previous Governor of GA.
Last segregationist governor in Ga.
Lester Maddox became a
GA celebrity in 1964 when he
chose to close his Atlanta
restaurant rather than
comply with the
Civil Rights Act.
As Governor, he supported prison reform and increased spending for GA’s universities.
He also started “People’s Day” where, once a month, average citizens could come talk to the Governor directly at the Governor’s office.

39. Mayor Maynard Jackson
By 1973, Atlanta’s population became an African- American
majority.
Maynard Jackson defeated the popular Mayor Sam Massell (who was popular with blacks as well) to become the first African-American mayor of a major American city. (1973)

40. One of GA’s greatest Civil Right’s leaders was Andrew Young:
In the 1950s and 1960s, Young organized voter registration and desegregation efforts in Albany and other southern cities, trained volunteers in non-violent protest.
He worked closely with MLK, Jr. and the SCLC.
In 1972, Young was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, the first black elected from GA since
Reconstruction.
In 1977, President Jimmy
Carter appointed Young to be
the U.S. Ambassador to the
United Nations.
In 1981, he succeeded Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta.
In 1996, he served as co-
chairman of the Atlanta
Commission on the Olympic
Games (ACOG).