Intro. to Information Assurance & Security

Intro. to Information Assurance & Security
CMGT/400 Intro. to Information Assurance & Security Philip Robbins – May 8, 2013 (Week 1) University of Phoenix Mililani Campus

Agenda: Week 1 Introductions Course Syllabus Fundamental Aspects
Information Information Assurance Information Security Services Risk Management, CND, and Incident Response Quiz #1 Assignment 2

Concepts Information What is it? Why is it important?
How do we protect (secure) it? 3

Why is this important? Information is valuable.
therefore, Information Systems are valuable. etc… Compromise of Information Security Services (C-I-A) have real consequences (loss) Confidentiality: death, proprietary info, privacy, theft Integrity: theft, loss of confidence, validity Availability: lost productivity, disruption of C2, defense, emergency services 4

+ Concepts Information Systems
Systems that store, transmit, and process information. + Information Security The protection of information. _______________________________________________ Information Systems Security The protection of systems that store, transmit, and process information. 5

Fundamental Concepts What is Information Assurance (IA)?
Our assurance (confidence) in the protection of our information / Information Security Services. What are Information Security Services (ISS)? Confidentiality: Making sure our information is protected from unauthorized disclosure. Integrity: Making sure the information we process, transmit, and store has not been corrupted or adversely manipulated. Availability: Making sure that the information is there when we need it and gets to those who need it. 6

Private vs. Military Requirements
Which security model an organization uses depends on it’s goals and objectives. Military is generally concerned with CONFIDENTIALITY Private businesses are generally concerned with AVAILABILITY (ex. Netflix, eBay etc) OR INTEGRITY (ex. Banks). Some private sector companies are concerned with CONFIDENTIALITY (ex. hospitals). Which ISS do you believe is most important?

Information Assurance
Fundamental Concepts Progression of Terminology Computer Security (COMPUSEC) Legacy Term (no longer used). Information Security (INFOSEC) Legacy Term (still used). Information Assurance (IA) Term widely accepted today with focus on Information Sharing. Cyber Security Broad Term quickly being adopted. 8

Fundamental Concepts What is Cyberspace? Term adopted by the USG
The virtual environment of information and interactions between people. Telecommunication Network infrastructures Information Systems The Internet 9

Review of Fundamental Concepts
What is the Defense in Depth Strategy? Using layers of defense as protection. People, Technology, and Operations. Onion Model 10

Defense-in-Depth Adversaries attack the weakest link…where is yours?
Links in the Security Chain: Management, Operational, and Technical Controls Risk assessment Security planning, policies, procedures Configuration management and control Contingency planning Incident response planning Security awareness and training Security in acquisitions Physical security Personnel security Security assessments and authorization Continuous monitoring Access control mechanisms Identification & authentication mechanisms (Biometrics, tokens, passwords) Audit mechanisms Encryption mechanisms Boundary and network protection devices (Firewalls, guards, routers, gateways) Intrusion protection/detection systems Security configuration settings Anti-viral, anti-spyware, anti-spam software Smart cards Adversaries attack the weakest link…where is yours?

Information Assurance Services (IAS) ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Source: Cieslak, Randall (Dec 2011). Cyber Fundamentals. USPACOM Chief Information Officer. 12

13

Challenges Fixed Resources Sustainable strategies reduce costs 14

Information Systems Security: Privacy
Defined: the protection and proper handling of sensitive personal information - Requires proper technology for protection - Requires processes and controls for appropriate handling

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Name SSN Phone number Driver's license number Credit card numbers etc…

Concept 1: Info Security & Assurance
You leave your job at ACME, Inc. to become the new Information Systems Security Manager (ISSM) for University of University College (UUC). The Chief Information Officer (CIO) of UUC drops by your office to let you know that they have no ISS program at UUC! A meeting with the Board of Directors is scheduled and you are asked by the CIO to attend. The Board wants to hear your considerations on how to start the new ISS program spanning all national and international networks. 17

Concept 1: Info Security & Assurance
- What would you tell the Board? - As an ISSM, what would you consider first? - What types of questions would you ask the Board and/or to the CIO? 18

Concept 2: Physical & Logical ISS
First day on the job and you find yourself already meeting with the local Physical Security and IT Services Managers at UUC. You introduce yourself as the new ISSM and both managers eagerly ask you “what can we do to help?” 19

Concept 2: Physical & Logical ISS
- What do you tell these Managers? - What types of questions would you ask the Managers? - As an ISSM, what are some IT, computer, and network security issues you consider important to a new ISS program at UUC? - What about your meeting with the Board of Directors earlier? How does it apply here? 20

Concept 3: Risk After a month on the job, as an ISSM, you decide to update the CIO on the progress of the UUC ISS program via when all of a sudden the entire internal network goes down! Your Computer Network Defense Team is able to determine the source of the disruption to an unknown vulnerability that was exploited on a generic perimeter router. The CIO calls you into his office and indicates to you that he is “concerned about the Risk to the networks at UUC” and ‘wants a risk assessment conducted’ ASAP. 21

Concept 3: Risk - What does the CIO mean by “Risk to the networks at UUC”? - As an ISSM, how would you conduct a risk assessment for the CIO? - What are some of the elements of risk? - How is risk measured and why is it important? 22

Risk Management Information Systems Risk Management is the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating (reducing) risks to an acceptable level. - Why is this important? There is no such thing as 100% security. - Can risk ever be eliminated?

Risk Management Risks MUST be identified, classified and analyzed to asses potential damage (loss) to company. Risk is difficult to measure and quantify, however, we must prioritize the risks and attempt to address them!

Risk Management Identify assets and their values
Identify Vulnerabilities and Threats Quantify the probability of damage and cost of damage Implement cost effective countermeasures! ULTIMATE GOAL is to be cost effective. That is: ensure that your assets are safe, at the same time don’t spend more to protect something than it’s worth*

Who is ultimately responsible for risk?
MANAGEMENT!!! Management may delegate to data custodians or business units that shoulder some of the risk. However, it is senior management that is ultimately responsible for the companies health - as such they are ultimately responsible for the risk.

Computer Network Defense
Defending against unauthorized actions that would compromise or cripple information systems and networks. Protect, monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to network attacks, intrusions, or disruptions.

Incident Response Responding to a Security Breach - Incident Handling
- Incident Management - Eradication & Recovery - Investigation (Forensics / Analysis) - Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Reporting - Documentation

Break Let’s take a break…

Chapter 1: Introduction and Security Trends
The Morris Worm - Robert Morris - 1988 - First Large scale attack on the Internet - No malicious payload (benign) - Replicated itself - Infected computer system could no longer run any other programs

Kevin Mitnick - Famous Hacker - 1995 - Wire and computer fraud - Intercepting wire communication - Stole software and accounts - Jailed: 5 years.

The Melissa Virus - David Smith - 1999 - Infected 1 million computers - $80 million - Payload: “list.doc” with macro - Clogged networks generated by servers sending “Important Messages” from your address book

The “I Love You” Virus - Melissa Variation - 2000 - 45 million computers - $10 billion - Payload: .vbs (script) - Released by a student in the Phillipines (not a crime)

The “Code Red” Worm - 2001 - 350 million computers - $2.5 billion - Payload: benign - Takes control of computers - DoS attacks: targeted “White House” website

The “Conficker” Worm - Payload: benign - Bot network - Very little damage - Blocks antivirus updates

Stuxnet - 2010 - First Cyber Weapon - Affected SCADA systems within IRAN’s Nuclear Enrichment Facilities - Uses 4 “Zero Day” Vulnerabilities

What is Malware? - Malicious Software - Includes “Viruses” & “Worms” - Protect using Anit-virus software & System Patching

Intruders, Hackers, and Threat Agents

Network Interconnection - More connections - From large mainframes to smaller connected systems - Increased threat & vulnerabilities - Single point failures? - Critical Infrastructure - Information Value - Information Warfare

Steps in an Attack - Ping Sweeps (ping/whois) – identify target - Port Scans (nmap) – exploit service

Steps in an Attack - Bypass firewall - Bypass IDS & IPS: Avoid detection / logs - Infect system (either Network or Physical) - Pivot systems (launch client-side attacks)

Types of Attacks - Denial of Service (DoS) - Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) - Botnets (IRC) - Logic Bombs - SQL Injection - Scripting - Phishing s - HTTP session hijacking (Man in the Middle) - Buffer Overflows

Types of Attacks: Botnets

Types of Attacks: Redirection (Fake Sites)

Redirection (Fake Sites)

Types of Attacks: Fake Antivirus

Types of Attacks: Keyloggers (Remote Stealth Keystroke Dump)

Types of Attacks: USB Keys (Autorun infection) Found a bunch of USB keys in a parking lot? Would you stick one of them into your PC?

Types of Attacks: Spam (Storm Worms)

Types of Attacks: Spear Phishing s

Types of Attacks: SQL injection

Chapter 1 Review Questions
53

Question #1 Which of the following is an attempt to find and
attack a site that has hardware or software that is vulnerable to a specific exploit? A. Target of opportunity attack B. Targeted attack C. Vulnerability scan attack D. Information warfare attack 54

Question #1 Which of the following is an attempt to find and
attack a site that has hardware or software that is vulnerable to a specific exploit? A. Target of opportunity attack B. Targeted attack C. Vulnerability scan attack D. Information warfare attack 55

Question #2 Which of the following threats has not grown
over the last decade as a result of increasing numbers of Internet users? A. Viruses B. Hackers C. Denial-of-service attacks D. All of the above 56

Question #2 Which of the following threats has not grown
over the last decade as a result of increasing numbers of Internet users? A. Viruses B. Hackers C. Denial-of-service attacks D. All of the above 57

Question #3 The rise of which of the following has greatly
increased the number of individuals who probe organizations looking for vulnerabilities to exploit? A. Virus creators B. Script kiddies C. Hackers D. Elite Hackers 58

Question #3 The rise of which of the following has greatly
increased the number of individuals who probe organizations looking for vulnerabilities to exploit? A. Virus creators B. Script kiddies C. Hackers D. Elite Hackers 59

Question #4 Which of the following is generally viewed as the
first Internet worm to have caused significant damage and to have “brought the Internet down”? A. Melissa B. I LOVE YOU C. Morris D. Code Red 60

Question #4 Which of the following is generally viewed as the
first Internet worm to have caused significant damage and to have “brought the Internet down”? A. Melissa B. I LOVE YOU C. Morris D. Code Red 61

Question #5 The act of deliberately accessing computer
systems and networks without authorization is generally known as? A. Computer intrusions B. Hacking C. Cracking D. Probing 62

Question #5 The act of deliberately accessing computer
systems and networks without authorization is generally known as? A. Computer intrusions B. Hacking C. Cracking D. Probing 63

Question #6 Warfare conducted against the information and
information processing equipment used by an adversary is known as? A. Hacking B. Cyber terrorism C. Information Warfare D. Network Warfare 64

Question #6 Warfare conducted against the information and
information processing equipment used by an adversary is known as? A. Hacking B. Cyber terrorism C. Information Warfare D. Network Warfare 65

Question #7 Which of the following is not described as a
critical infrastructure? A. Electricity (Power) B. Banking (Finance) C. Telecommunications D. Retail Stores 66

Question #7 Elite hackers don’t account for more than what
percentage of the total number of individuals conducting intrusive activity on the Internet? A. Electricity (Power) B. Banking (Finance) C. Telecommunications D. Retail Stores 67

Question #8 (Last one) Elite hackers don’t account for more than what
percentage of the total number of individuals conducting intrusive activity on the Internet? A percent B percent C percent D percent 68

Question #8 (Last one) Elite hackers don’t account for more than what
percentage of the total number of individuals conducting intrusive activity on the Internet? A percent B percent C percent D percent 69

Break Let’s take a break…

Chapter 2: General Security Concepts
Computer Security (COMPUSEC) - Ensure computer systems are secure Network Security - Protection of multiple connected (networked) computer systems Information Assurance (IA) & Security - Emphasis on the data; Our assurance (confidence) in the protection of our information / Information Security Services.

CIA Triad (Information Security Services)

Operational Model of Computer Security Protection = Prevention + Detection + Response

Least Privilege (Need to Know) - Users should have only the necessary (minimum) rights, privileges, or information to perform their tasks (no additional permissions). Implicit Deny - “Deny all” authorization and access (blacklisted) unless specifically allowed (white list). - Default security rule for firewalls, routers, etc…

Separation of Duties - Ensures tasks are broken down and are accomplished / involve by more than one individual. - Check & balance system. Job Rotation - Rotation individuals through jobs / tasks. - Organization does not become dependent on a single employee.

Be sure to understand the difference between: Least Privilege vs. Implicit Deny & Separation of Duties vs. Job Rotation

Layered Security - Defense in Depth - Redundancy - No single point of failure

Layered Security

Security Through Obscurity - Approach of protecting something by hiding it. - Generally not a good idea. - Steganography - Reverse engineering.

Be sure to understand the difference between: Layered Security vs. Security Through Obscurity

Access - Control what a subject can perform or what objects the subject can interact with. - i.e. Access Control Lists (ACL’s) Authentication - Verify the identity of a subject. (Who You Are) - Involves identification - Passwords, cards, biometrics (fingerprints), etc. - Digital certificates

Authorization - Verifies what a subject is authorized to do. Be sure to understand the difference between: Access vs. Identification vs. Authentication vs. Authorization

Social Engineering - Talk individuals into divulging information that they normally would never have. - Used to gain information on identities, access, or authorization. - Data aggregation.

Policies Constraints of behavior on systems and people Specifies activities that are required, limited, and forbidden Example Information systems should be configured to require good security practices in the selection and use of passwords

Requirements Required characteristics of a system or process. Often the same as or similar to the policy Specifies what should be done, not how to do it. Example Information systems must enforce password quality standards.

Guidelines define how to support a policy Example: ‘As a guideline’ passwords should not be dictionary words, don’t write passwords down, etc…

Standards: what products, technical methods will be used to support policy. Example All fiber optic cables must be ACME brand Passwords must be at least 8 characters, contain 2 upper and lower case chars… Procedures: step by step instructions

Classification of Information - Sensitivity / Confidentiality Example Unclassified (UNCLASS) For Official Use Only (FOUO) Confidential Secret (S) Secret Releasable (S//REL) Top Secret (TS)

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) - Outline of what the organization considers to be the appropriate / inappropriate use of company resources. - Do you have a right to privacy when using a company’s system / network resources?

Service Level Agreement (SLA) - Contractual agreements between entities that describe specified levels of service. Example Bandwidth allocation Download / Upload Speeds Uptime Support & Maintenance Data Restoration / Backup

Bell-LaPadula Confidentiality Security Model - Principle 1: Simple Security (No Read Up) Rule No subject can read from an object with a security classification higher than possessed by the subject. - Principle 2: * - property (No Write Down) Rule Allows a subject to write to an object of equal or greater security classification. Why wouldn’t you be able to write down?

Biba Integrity Security Model - Policy 1: Low-Water-Mark Prevents unauthorized modification of data; subjects writing to objects of a higher integrity label. - Policy 2: Ring Allows a subject to read any object without regard to the object’s level of integrity and without lowering the subject’s integrity level.

Chapter 2 Review Questions
93

Question #1 What is the most common form of authentication used?
A. Smart Cards B. Tokens C. Username / Password D. Biometrics 94

Question #1 What is the most common form of authentication used?
A. Smart Cards B. Tokens C. Username / Password D. Biometrics 95

Question #2 The CIA of security includes:
Confidentiality, integrity, authentication Confidentiality, integrity, availability Certificates, integrity, availability Confidentiality, inspection, authentication 96

Question #2 The CIA of security includes:
Confidentiality, integrity, authentication Confidentiality, integrity, availability Certificates, integrity, availability Confidentiality, inspection, authentication 97

Question #3 The security principle used in the Bell-LaPadula
security model that states that no subject can read from an object with a higher security classification is the: Simple Security Rule Ring policy Mandatory access control *-property 98

Question #3 The security principle used in the Bell-LaPadula
security model that states that no subject can read from an object with a higher security classification is the: Simple Security Rule Ring policy Mandatory access control *-property 99

Question #4 Which of the following concepts requires users
and system processes to use the minimal amount of permission necessary to function? Layer Defense Diversified Defense Simple Security Rule Least Privilege 100

Question #4 Which of the following concepts requires users
and system processes to use the minimal amount of permission necessary to function? Layer Defense Diversified Defense Simple Security Rule Least Privilege 101

Question #5 Which of the following is an access control
method based on changes at preset intervals? Simple Security Rule Job Rotation Two-man rule Separation of Duties 102

Question #5 Which of the following is an access control
method based on changes at preset intervals? Simple Security Rule Job Rotation Two-man rule Separation of Duties 103

Question #6 The Bell-LaPadula security model is an example
of a security model that is based on: The integrity of the data The availability of the data The confidentiality of the data The authenticity of the data 104

Question #6 The Bell-LaPadula security model is an example
of a security model that is based on: The integrity of the data The availability of the data The confidentiality of the data The authenticity of the data 105

Question #7 The term used to describe the requirement that
different portions of a critical process must be performed by different people is: Least privilege Defense in Depth Separation of Duties Job Rotation 106

Question #7 The term used to describe the requirement that
different portions of a critical process must be performed by different people is: Least privilege Defense in Depth Separation of Duties Job Rotation 107

Question #8 Hiding information to prevent disclosure is an example of:
Security through obscurity Certificate-based security Discretionary data security Defense in depth 108

Question #8 Hiding information to prevent disclosure is an example of:
Security through obscurity Certificate-based security Discretionary data security Defense in depth 109

Question #9 (Last one) The concept of blocking an action unless it is
specifically authorized is: Implicit deny Least privilege Simple Security Rule Hierarchical defense model 110

Question #9 (Last one) The concept of blocking an action unless it is
specifically authorized is: Implicit deny Least privilege Simple Security Rule Hierarchical defense model 111

Quiz: Week 1 10-15 minutes

IDV Assignment due Week #2
Paper No. 1 Review fundamentals of information assurance. Pick a company. How is their information considered an asset? How is their information being protected? Which Information Security Service is most important to the company? Are there specific information security requirements (regulations, policy, standards, etc.) that the company needs to abide to? 113

Intro. to Information Assurance & Security

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