1. Drilling into the Data in Mississippi, Georgia & Texas: The Relationship between Corporal Punishment & Race, Student Achievement & Rural Environments Dr. Twyla Williams-Damond Dr. Kerri Prejean Dr. Jessie Broussard

2. Overview

3. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
Punishment; punishment that is inflicted physically upon the body by hitting; form of punishment achieved by inflicting blows to the offender's body; any punishment involving physical force that is designed to cause pain or discomfort
To date, 19 states permit its use in public schools. 31 states have legally banned its practice.
223,000+ Students in 2012

4. Top 10 Corporal Punishment States
1. Mississippi 7.5% 2. Arkansas 4.7% 3. Alabama 4.6% 4. Oklahoma 2.4% 5. Louisiana 1.7%
6. Tennessee 1.5% 7. Georgia 1.1% 8. Texas 1.1% 9. Missouri 0.6% 10. Florida 0.3%
Office of Civil Rights, 2009

5. 31 States Have Banned Corporal Punishment: Fact or Fallacy?

6. Corporal Punishment: Mississippi, Georgia & Texas Quick Facts

7. MISSISSIPPI Statement of Problem: Quick Facts
Mississippi ranks #1 for corporal punishment incidences out of the 19 states that continue its practice.
Mississippi remains an extreme outlier among the 19 states that use corporal punishment at 7.5%. Arkansas follows with 4.7%.
Mississippi has 152 school districts practice corporal punishment. (66%)
Mississippi has 1,055 public schools with NO mandated uniform system in place for reporting corporal punishment.
student enrollment of 493,540 students with 40,000 receiving corporal punishment

8. MS State Laws & Statutes
Physical discipline, including spanking, performed on a child by a parent, guardian, or custodian, in a reasonable manner shall not be deemed abuse. Sec [Ci.]
Specifically Allows for Spanking
The terms spanking, paddling or switching are used to permit these forms of corporal punishment, if administered in a reasonable manner.
Reasonable and Necessary Standard Imposed
Reasonable physical force is permitted when, and to the extent believed necessary, to maintain discipline.
Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

9. GEORGIA Statement of Problem: Quick Facts
Georgia ranked #5 in the United States in 2006 at a rate of 1.1% totaling 18,404 students receiving corporal punishment.
During the school year, the number increased to 22,000 students receiving corporal punishment in schools across the state.
Of the 180 Districts in Georgia, 102 still practiced corporal punishment in
Number of Georgia Public Schools in : 2,289
Total Population of Georgia Students in : 1,639,077
Need info from Jessie

10. GA State Laws & Statutes
Physical forms of discipline may be used as long as there is no physical injury to the child. Secs / / [Ci.] Parent or person in loco parentis reasonably disciplining of a minor has a justification defense for a criminal prosecution based on that conduct. Sec [Cr.] The term "family violence" shall not be deemed to include reasonable discipline administered by a parent to a child in the form of corporal punishment, restraint, or detention. Sec [Ci.]
"No Physical Injury" or "No Substantial Risk of Physical Injury”
Limitation is placed on the use of corporal punishment.
Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

11. TEXAS Statement of Problem: Quick Facts
Texas ranks #8 for number of students receiving corporal punishment out of the 19 states that continue its practice.
Texas has 1,029 public schools with NO mandated system in place for reporting corporal punishment on a state level.
Texas has 1,029 school districts. 185 districts prohibit the practice of corporal punishment. (18%)
Of the 844 districts that allow corporal punishment by policy, only 501 practice it.
House Bill 359 (Sept. 1, 2011) – Parent opt out of corporal punishment

12. TX State Laws & Statutes
Abuse does not include reasonable discipline by a parent/guardian/managing or possessory conservator if child not exposed to substantial risk of harm. Family Code Sec [Ci.] Parent/stepparent/person standing in loco parentis to child is justified to use non-deadly force against a child under 18 when and to degree the actor reasonably believes necessary to discipline, or safeguard or promote child's welfare. Penal Sec [Cr.]
Reasonable and Necessary Standard Imposed
Reasonable physical force is permitted when, and to the extent believed necessary, to maintain discipline.
"Non-Deadly Force" Limitation is Placed on the Use of Corporal Punishment
Does not specifically prohibit corporal punishment, even where it results in an injury or serious injury to the child, as long as deadly force was not utilized.
Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

13. State Percentages of Corporal Punishment Practice: Past & Current Data

14. MISSISSIPPI CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TREND (2006-12)
7.5%
8.3%
MDE, 2009

15. GEORGIA Corporal Punishment Trend (2005- 2013)

16. TEXAS Past and Current Pop: 3,907,774 Number CP: 73,994
Percent CP: 1.9%
Pop: 4,731,674
Number CP: 36,792
Percent CP: .78%
Pop: 5,003,192
Number CP: 28,569
Percent CP: .57%
Source: Office of Civil Rights Data Collection, 2000, 2009, 2011

17. Corporal Punishment & Racial Disparities

18. MISSISSIPPI: Corporal Punishment Numbers per Race
WHITE STUDENTS
AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS
12%
29,910 students hit
Higher 7%
16,628 students hit
Total student enrollment divided into total white enrollment and total African american enrollment
Total Mississippi Student Enrollment: 492,233 (226,616 White + 249,847 Black + 15,810 Other)

19. MISSISSIPPI: CP Percentage Disproportionality By Race

20. Georgia: Corporal Punishment Incidences per Race Total
WHITE STUDENTS
AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS 4%
7,233 hits
Higher 2%
4,572 hits
Total student enrollment divided into total white enrollment and total African american enrollment
Total Georgia Student Enrollment: 1,675,959 (4,572 White + 7,233 Black Other)

21. TEXAS Corporal Punishment Per Race
3.56%
Pop: 131,336
CP: 4,672
Source: Office of Civil Rights Data Collection, 2011
Note: Percent for each race category taken only from districts that practice corporal punishment on each race category.

22. Corporal Punishment & Student Achievement

23. MISSISSIPPI

24. Mississippi Student Outcomes
Educational Rank
#48
Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

25. GEORGIA

27. Georgia Student Outcomes
Educational
Rank
#27
Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

28. TEXAS Corporal Punishment and Student Achievement
Variable information for district data:
Texas Education Agency:
Rate of 10th and 11th grade students in each district meeting the standard on the TAKS test and
College – ready rates of seniors
Office for Civil Rights number and percent of students receiving corporal punishment in each comparable school district
Evidence of a negative correlation – standardized test scores for 10th and 11th graders and college-ready rates of senior high school students
No statistically significant relationship at the .05 level (or 95% assurance to be a true relationship) but there was evidence of a relationship at 75% and 83% chance of the relationship being true

29. TEXAS Student Outcomes
Educational
Rank
#27
Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

30. Corporal Punishment & Rural Environments

31. Mississippi: Small Town Concentration Data Analysis: % by District Population Size
THOUSANDS
District Student Population
Range
Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students
≤ 1,000
20.09 %
1,001- 2,000
11.24 %
2,001- 3,000
15.99 %
3,001- 4,000
7.72 %
4,001- 5,000
7.26 %
THOUSANDS
District Student Population
Range
Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students
5,001- 6,000
.71 %
6,001- 7,000
10.92 %
7,001- 8,000
5.28 %
8,001- 9,000
7.09 %
9, ,000
.45 %
> 10,001
7.41 %
When divided into Thousands:
Student populations with 1,000 students or less experienced the highest averaged percent of CP.
20.09%

32. Mississippi: Rural Concentration Percentages by District Population Size
THOUSANDS
District Student Population
Range
Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students
≤ 1,000
20.09 %
1,001- 2,000
11.24 %
2,001- 3,000
15.99 %
3,001- 4,000
7.72 %
4,001- 5,000
7.26 %
THOUSANDS
District Student Population
Range
Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students
5,001- 6,000
.71 %
6,001- 7,000
10.92 %
7,001- 8,000
5.28 %
8,001- 9,000
7.09 %
9, ,000
.45 %
> 10,001
7.41 %
When divided into Thousands:
Student populations with 1,000 students or less experienced the highest averaged percent of CP.
20.09%

33. Mississippi: TOP 10 “ROGUE” DISTRICTS ≥ 22.5% (3X MS AVERAGE)
Oktibbeha % !!!!!!!!
Note: Total “Rogue” Districts = 30. ( Southern Echo data)

34. Mississippi ROGUE DISTRICTS: Data Analysis & Outcomes
Mississippi
30 of 100 paddling school districts
Averaged paddling percent = %
22 of 100 paddling school districts
Averaged paddling percent = %

35. GEORGIA: Corporal Punishment & District Size
Small
0-3000
Large
Corporal Punishment Allowed?
Yes
64.9%
(48)
46.2%
(49) No
35.1%
(26)
53.8%
(57)
Total N
100% 74
106
X2 = 6.092, p=.014
The smaller districts are about 18 percentage points likely to administer corporal punishment.

36. TEXAS Rural vs. Urban Districts
.90%
7,705 hits
856,559 students
115 Districts
RURAL
3.9%
17,254 hits
442,197
students
386 Districts
HIGHER
Source: Source: Texas Education Agency district types and student enrollment numbers, ( );
Office of Civil Rights Data Collection ( )

37. References Broussard, Jessie (2014). An analysis of corporal
References Broussard, Jessie (2014). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in the state of Georgia. (Doctoral dissertation). Prejean, Kerri (2015). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in Texas public schools: Race, school district size, academic performance, and policy influences. (Doctoral dissertation). Williams-Damond, Twyla (2014). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in the state of Mississippi. (Doctoral dissertation).