1. The Rock Cycle

2. Rock Cycle
Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock.
Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

3. Igneous Rock
Igneous rock is formed when magma cools and makes crystals.
Magma is a hot liquid rock material made of melted minerals.
Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma cools slowly or igneous rock can form above ground, where the magma cools quickly.
Igneous rock forms crystals as it cools

4. Igneous Rock

5. Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rocks form at or near the earth's surface at relatively low temperatures and pressures primarily by:
deposition by water, wind or ice
precipitation from solution
growth in position by organic processes (e.g., carbonate reefs )

6. Sedimentary Rock

7. Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic Rock form as rocky material experiences intense heat & pressure in earth’s crust.
With the metamorphic process, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and even metamorphic rock change into metamorphic rocks or another type of metamorphic rock.
Heat & pressure do not change the chemical makeup of the parent rock, but they do change the structure and physical properties of the minerals in the rocks.

8. Metamorphic Rocks

9. Sediment Sediment can either be:
Material, originally suspended in a liquid, that settles at the bottom of the liquid when it is left standing for a long time
Material eroded from preexisting rocks that is transported by water, wind, or ice and deposited elsewhere

10. Erosion
The wearing away of exposed surfaces by agents such as wind, moving water and ice. These agents usually contain weathered rock debris. Rock fall under gravity is also erosion.
Erosion influences orogeny (Plate Tectonic Action) that rubs and wears away rock material.

11. Weathering
When rocks are broken down by chemical and/or physical mechanisms into smaller particles.There are three types of weathering:
Physical weathering: physical action which breaks up rocks. Example: freeze thawing
Chemical Weathering: a rock is attacked by chemicals. Example: acid rain breaks down rock
Biological weathering: a rocks is broken down by animals and plants. Example: tree root system

12. Cementation
Most sediments are deposited in water containing dissolved minerals.
The water flows through the sediment and some of these minerals precipitate on the grain surfaces.
With time, this inter-granular material effectively glues the sediment together into a cohesive solid- a sedimentary rock.

13. Compaction The result of this pressure is a compaction of the sediment
it is squeezed together causing a reduction in pore space and a sticking together of the grains.
Under pressure, some chemical sediments, like halite, may recrystallize into a solid state.

14. Decomposition
Decomposition takes place when hydraulic energy, organic biochemical activity, or chemical changes occur.

15. Transportation
This process occurs when the particles created by weathering are carried by ice, air, or water to a region of lower energy known as a sedimentary basin.

16. Melting Melting is the result of continued heating
Leads to production of magma and new igneous rocks which are formed when the magma cools.
This process depends on the size of the reservoir that it drains and the relative intensity or activity of plate tectonics.

17. Heat and Pressure
Rocks trapped underground are still subject to enormous heat from rising magma, or heated water, and pressure. Sometimes the heat can get so intense the rocks actually melt.
Pressure comes from the incredible weight of material surrounding the rock on all sides.
The pressure pushes new minerals into the rock and drives other minerals out; the result, of course, is that the rock is chemically changed.

19. Plutonic &Volcanic
Volcanic rocks, extrusive rocks or lava rocks, crystallize when the magma reaches the earth’s surface cooling quickly.
Plutonic rocks, intrusive rocks, crystallize within the crust of the earth, and as a result plutonic rocks cool at a much slower pace then volcanic rocks

20. Subduction
A rock is pulled into the subduction zone may get dragged down with the oceanic plate. As the rock gets dragged down, they undergo metamorphism.
Some parts of the rocks get taken all the way down to the mantle where they slowly mix with the rest of the mantle. – this is the only way that rocks formed on the continent get recycled with the mantle.

21. Uplifting
Because certain rocks are created under the Earth’s surface A process called uplifting occurs through orogeny and volcanic process, which then bring rocks to the surface. The rock is eventually becomes recycled again.

22. Crystallization
When hot conditions cause magma to melt then cool, because the source of heat subsides or the magma moves into cooler regions of the Earth.
Cooling deep in the Earth, where it is fairly warm, the magma cools slowly creating large crystals.
Magma reaches the surface, the lava cools quickly and the crystals are much smaller or not at all.
If the crystals cannot grow at all and volcanic glass is formed.

23. Crystallization