1. High Sensitive and Selective Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Trace Level Manganese in Some Real, Environmental, Biological, Soil, Food, Fertilizer and Pharmaceutical Samples Using Bis(2-hydroxy-1-napthaldehyde)- orthophenylenediamine
Dr. M. Jamaluddin Ahmed
Chartered Scientist(EU); Chartered Chemist, FRSC(UK)
Professor of Analytical Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
University of Chittagong
Chittagong-4331
BANGLADESH
5/12/2018

2. CONTENTS 1 Aims and objectives 2. Choice of metal ions
3.   Manganese content in human body
4. Adverse health effects and exposure of manganese
5.  Development of the method for manganese
6.  Optimization of the analytical parameters individually
7. Interference from Foreign Ions
8.  Validation of the method
9.  Application of the methods in some real, environmental,
biological, pharmaceutical, food, fertilizer, vegetable and soil
samples.
10.  Comparison of present and existing methods
11.  Conclusions
12. Socioeconomic Importance of the methods
13. Acknowledgements
14. References
5/12/2018 2

3. Aims and objectives of the method
The basic aims and objective of this project are:
  to introduce a new spectrophotometric Shiff-base ligand Bis(2-hydroxy-
1-napthaldehyde)-orthophenylene-diamine (HNA-OPD-HNA) through
novel reaction techniques.
to develop a simple, rapid, non-extractive and direct Spectrophoto-
metric method for the determination of manganese using
HNA-OPD-HNA in aqueous solution.
to avoid existing tedious and time-consuming solvent extraction
procedure which used toxic and carcinogenic organic solvents.
to optimize the analytical parameters individually.
to test the validity of the method by analyzing CRMs, recovery
studies and also by comparison with conventional analysis
(AAS).
to apply the developed methods for the determination of
manganese in various samples (e.g. in real, environmental,
biological, pharmaceutical, food, vegetable, milk and soil samples). 3

4. Choice of metal ion
The role of Manganese in human bio-chemistry illustrates clearly
the dual nature of those trace elements which are both essential and toxic
depends on its oxidation state and concentrations at which they are supplied.
Manganese in trace amount is important industrially,
as a:
Toxicant: especially geno-toxicant and carcinogen
Biological nutrient
Pharmaceutically important
Environmental pollutant
Occupational hazard
All these facts make it prime necessity for an accurate determination of manganese at trace levels.
5/12/2018 4

5. Manganese content in human body
Fig. 1. Metal/Metalloid Content of Adult Human Body
Human body contains approximately 8.3 mg kg-1 Mn as per above chart
*Threshold limit value for Mn= 0.05 mg m-3 in atmosphere as MnO2
*Tolerance limit for Mn=0.2 mgL-1 in Environment
Source: M. Athar and S. B. Vohora, “Heavy Metals & Environment”,1995, p. 27 5

6. Adverse Health Effects and Exposure of Manganese
Metals
MAC
(EPA)
mgL-1
TLV
(WHO)
mg m-3
Potential Health Effects
Source of exposure Mn
0.2
0.05
Chronic liver cirrhosis, gallbladder disorders, bone malformation, diabetes, skeletal abnormalities, general weakness, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, Parkinson’s disease, DNA and chromosome damage, “manganese pneumonia” or pneumonitis and more commonly manganism,
Earth’s crust, manufacture of alloys, steel and iron products, mining operations, the production and uses of fertilizers, fungicides, synthetic manganese oxide, dry-cell batteries and organo manganese fuel additives. 6

7. Development of the method for the determination of
Manganese using
HNA-OPD-HNA 7

8. Synthesis and characterization of reagent
Synthesis of HNA-OPD-HNA
Scheme1. Reaction Scheme of bis(2-hydroxy-1 - napthaldehyde) orthophenylenediamine
(HNA-OPD-HNA) 8
Ref: L. Sacconi J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 5434

9. Characterization of the Ligand (HNA-OPD-HNA)
Parameters
Proposed value
Values from literature *
Melting point
111oC
113oC
Elemental Analysis
C = 70.65
N = 11.94
H = 5.48
C = 70.85
N = 11.02
H = 5.55
FTIR
ν C=N ( cm-1)
νO-H (3390 cm-1 )
ν C-N( 1384 cm-1 )
νC=C (1564 cm-1 )
ν C=N ( cm-1)
νC=O( cm-1 )
ν N-N ( cm-1 )
νC=C ( cm-1 )
Thermogravimetry
80-90 oC
1.0gm for 6 hour
*Reference : M. A. Salam, D. A. Chowdhury and S. M. A. Hossain, Bull of Pure and Appl. Sci., 1995, 14 C ,129. 9

10. Fig. 1. Job’s method for determining the composition of Mn(II) : HNA-OPD-HNA (1 : 1) Complex.

11. PROCEDURAL LAYOUT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
g of manganese(II)
( mL of 1.83 10-5 M MnII)
+ 1:100 -1:500 fold molar excess of HNA-OPD-
HNA reagent (Preferably 1mL of 2.40×10-3 M)
(Preferably 0.05 mL) of 0.001M H2SO4
+ 5 mL of DMF
10-mL volumetric flask and made up to the mark with de-ionized water, an orange colored complex was formed immediately at room temperature (25±5°C)
The absorbance was measured at 508 nm against a corresponding reagent blank.
The manganese content in an unknown sample was determined using a concurrently prepared calibration graph. 11

12. Results of Optimization Determination of Manganese .12

13. Optimization of Analytical parameters
 Absorption spectra (for selection of λmax).
 Effect of solvent
 Effect of acidity /pH
 Effect of time
 Effect of temperature
 Effect of the reagent concentration
 Effect of metal ion concentration(Beer’s
Law)
 Effect of foreign ions

14. Optimization of analytical parameters of manganese
Fig. 2. A and B absorption spectra of MnII-HNA-OPD-HNA system and the reagent
blank (λ max = 508 nm) in aqueous solutions 14

15. Optimization(continued)
Fig. 3. Effect of the solvent on the absorbance of the MnII –HNA-OPD-HNA system 15

16. Fig. 4. Effect of acidity on the absorbance of MnII-HNA-OPD-HNA system
Optimization(continued)
Fig. 4. Effect of acidity on the absorbance of MnII-HNA-OPD-HNA system 16

17. Optimization(continued)
0.12
0.08
0.04 24
Fig. 5. Effect of the time on the absorbance of the MnII –HNA-OPD-HNA system 17

18. Optimization (continued)
Fig. 6. Effect of reagent on the absorbance of MnII-HNA-OPD-HNA system 18

19. Fig. 7. Calibration graph A: 0.02 – 0.1 mg L-1 of Mn(II)
Optimization (continued)
Fig. 7. Calibration graph A: 0.02 – 0.1 mg L-1 of Mn(II) 19

20. Fig. 8. Calibration graph B: 0.1 – 1.0 mg L -1 of Mn(II)
Optimization (continued)
Fig. 8. Calibration graph B: 0.1 – 1.0 mg L -1 of Mn(II) 20

21. Fig. 9. Calibration graph C: 1 – 10.0 mg L -1 of Mn(II)
Optimization (continued)
Fig. 9. Calibration graph C: 1 – 10.0 mg L -1 of Mn(II) 21

22. Optimization (continued)
Fig.10. Calibration graph D: 10 – 25.0 mgL-1 of Mn(II) 22

23. Table 1. Selected analytical parameters obtained with the optimization experiments.
Studied range
Selected value
Wavelength / λmax (nm)
508
Solvent / % N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)
10-80
50-80
(Preferably 50)
Acidity / M H2SO4
(Preferably ) pH
(Preferably 4.22)
Time / h
0 - 72
1min-24 h
(Preferably 1 min)
Temperature / °C
10-70
15-40
(Preferably 25 ± 5)
Reagent concentration
(fold molar excess, M:R)
1:1 - 1:500
1: :500
(Preferably 1: 200)
Linear range/mg L-1
Molar absorptivity
/ L mol-1 cm-1
4.52 x 106 _5.26 x 106
4.89x 106
Sandell’s sensitivity/ng cm-2
1-100 10
Detection limit/ µg L-1 1
Reproducibility (% RSD)
0 - 10
0 –2%
Regression Co-efficient (R2)
0.9998

24. Interference of Foreign Ions
The effect of over 50 cations, anions and complexing agents
on the determination of 1mg L-1 manganese was studied.
The criterion for interference was an absorbance value varying
by more than ± 5% from the expected value for manganese
alone.
With suitable masking agents, the reaction can be made highly
selective.
However, for those ions whose tolerance limit have been studied,
their tolerance ratios are mentioned in Table 2. 24

25. Table 2. Tolerance limits of foreign ions, tolerance ratio [Species(x)]/Mn (w/w) ]
Ammonium (I)
100
Lithium 20
Arsenic (III) 50
Lead (II)
Arsenic (V)
Magnesium
Aluminum
20b
Manganese (VII) 10
Azide
200
Mercury (II)
Ascorbic acid
Molybdenum(VI)
Antimony
Nitrate
Bromide
Nickel
Bismuth (III)
Oxalate
500
Beryllium(II)
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphate
Chloride
Selenium (VI)
Cobalt(II)
20c
Selenium (IV)
Cobalt(III)
Silver
Chromium (III)
Sodium
Chromium (VI)
Strontium
Cadmium
Sulfate
Carbonate
Titanium(IV)
Cesium
Tellurium(IV)
Citrate
Tartrate
Copper (II)
Thiocyanate
Cyanide
Thiourea
EDTA
Tungsten (VI)
Fluoride
Tin(II)
Iodide
Tin(IV)
Iron (II)
Vanadium(V)
Iron (III)
Zinc
a Tolerance limit was defined as ratio that causes less than ± 5 percent interference.
b with 10 mg L-1 tartrate.
c with 10 mg L-1 oxalate. 25

26. Validation of the method
The precision was evaluated by determining different concentration of manganese (each analyzed at least five times).
The relative standard deviation ( n = 5 ) was 2.0 – 0 % for 0.2 – 250 g of manganese in 10-mL solution which indicates that method is highly precise and reproducible.
The average molar absorptivity, detection limit (3s/S of the blank) and Sandell’s sensitivity (concentration for absorbance unit) for manganese were found to be 4.89 x 106 L mol-1 cm-1 , 1 µg L-1 and 10 ng cm-2 of Mn(II), respectively.
The analytical results must be evaluated with regard to the validity of analytical method. Poor analytical quality may lead to false conclusions. Keeping this in our mind the validity of our method was tested by analyzing several Standard Reference Materials, Recovery Studies and also Comparing the results with Conventional Analysis(AAS).
 Hence, the precision and accuracy of the method were excellent. 26

27. Validation ( continued)
Table 3. Determination of manganese (II) in synthetic mixtures
Sample
Composition of mixtures
(mg L-1)
Manganese(II)/ mg L-1
Added
Founda
(n=5)
Recovery ± SDb (%) A
MnII
0.50
1.00
0.49
98 ± 0.5
100 ± 0.0 B
As in A + Na(25) + Ca (25)
1.02
102 ± 0.8 C
As in B + VV (25) + Cd (25)
0.99
99 ± 0.3 D
As in C + Mg (25) + Zn (25)
0.53
1.05
106 ± 1.3
105 ± 1.0 E
As in D + Hg2+ (25)+ TeIV (25)+ Tartrate (50)
0.54
1.08
108 ± 2.0
108 ± 1.8
aAverage of five analysis of each sample
bThe measure of precision is the standard deviation (s). 27

28. Validation ( continued)
Table 4. Determination of manganese in some certified reference materials
Sample
Certified reference materials
(Composition, %)
Manganese (%)
In C.R.M sample
Found (n=5)
R.S.D.a 1
BCS-CRM 163, Unalloyed steel
(C=1.2,Mn=0.472,Ni=0.608, Si=0.18,Cu=0.05,Cr=0.03)
0.472
0.471
1.5 2
BAS-CRM-10g,High-speed brass
(Cu=60.8,Fe=1.56,Pb=0.23, Ni=0.16,Sn=0.21, Al=3.34,
Zn=32.0, Mn=1.36)
1.36
1.35
1.0 3
BCS-CRM-238, Unalloyed steel
(C=0.2,Si=0.06,S=0.05,Mn=0.51, Ni=0.06, Cr=0.06 and Cu=0.05)
0.51
0.505
2.0 4
BAS-CRM-1d,Mild steel
(C=0.19, Si=0.06, S=0.04,
Mn=0.52, P=0.04)
0.52
0.518
2.5 5
BAS-CRM-33b,Alloy cast iron
(Mn=0.64,Cr=0.61, Mo=0.04,
Ni=2.24)
0.64
0.632
1.8
aThe measure of The precision is the standard deviation (s)
bThe measure of precision is the relative standard deviation(RSD)
cThese CRMs were obtained from Beijing NCS Analytical Instruments Co. Ltd., China 28

29. Determination of Mn(II) and Mn(VII) speciation in mixtures
. 1-2-mL of Manganese(II+VII) mixtures (preferably 1:1, 1:5, 1:10)
+ 2-3drops of 4M H2SO4
+ 3-4mL of 2.5%(w/v) sodium azide
+ 5 mL of H2O
25 mL conical Flask
+ heat for reduction of Mn(VII) to Mn(II) for 10min
+ 3-4 drops of 2.5% (w/v) freshly prepared azide solution
+ heat for 5 min to remove excess azide
The contents were cooled and neutralized with dilute NH4OH and transferred quantitatively into 10-mL volumetric flask. Then the total manganese (II and VII) content was determined according to the general procedure with the help of the calibration graph.
The manganese(II) content was measured after neutralization with NH4OH following the general procedure with same mixture using tartrate as masking agent. This value was subtracted from that of the total manganese to get manganese(VII) present in mixture. The results were found to be highly reproducible 29

30. Table 5. Determination of manganese (II) and manganese (VII) speciation in mixtures.
Serial No.
Mn(II) : Mn(VII)
Mn, taken
(mg L-1)
Mn, found
Error
Mn(II)
Mn(VII) 1
1: 1
1.00
0.98
0.99
0.02
0.01
1.02
0.00
0.97
0.03
Mean error : Mn(II) = ±0.017; Mn(VII) = ± 0.018
Standard deviation : Mn(II) = ± 0.015; Mn(VII) = ± 0.011
1: 5
5.00
4.98
4.99
Mean error : Mn(II) = ± ; Mn(VII) = ± 0.017
Standard deviation : Mn(II) = ± ; Mn(VII) = ± 0.006
1:10
10.00
9.98
9.99
Mean error : Mn(II)= ± ; Mn(VII) = ± 0.017
Standard deviation : Mn(II) = ± 0.015; Mn(VII) = ± 0.015 30

31. Application of the method
The method was applied in some Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical, fertilizer, food and Soil samples
The samples were collected from different parts of Chittagong division and preserved using suitable preservatives.
The samples were digested using acid digestion method recommended by Greenberg1 and Stahr2.
Manganese content was determined as described under general procedure using concurrently prepared calibration graph and suitable masking agents.
E. A Greenberg et al (ed.) “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”,18th ed., APHA, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 121.
H. M. Stahr, “Analytical Methods in Toxicology,” 3rd ed., John Wiely & Sons, New York, 1991, p.75. 31

32. Application (continued)
Table 6. Determination of manganese in some environmental water samples
Sample
Manganese(II)/µg L-1
Recovery ± s
(%)
srb
Added
Found a
(n=5)
Tap water
100
500
45.0
145.0
550.0
100±0.0
100.9±0.1
0.00
0.35
Well water
30.5
135.0
530.0
99.6±0.5
0.39
River water
Karnaphully
(upper)
65.0
165.0
570.0
100.8±0.6
0.21
(lower)
70.5
174.0
565.0
102±0.4
99±0.5
0.29
Halda
48.0
148.0
100.4±0.8
0.36
50.0
154.0
102.6±0.7
0.38
Sea water
Bay of Bengal
25.0
125.0
100.9±0.3
0.31
27.5
128.0
100.3±0.5
100.5±0.6
0.17
0.27
Drain water
T. S. P.
Complex c
225.0
630.0
100.8±0.5
0.25
PHPd
155.0
255.0
660.0
BSRM e
245.0
740.0
101±0.8
0.45
0.23
K.P.M Waterf
185.0
285.0
690.0
100.7±0.6
Eastern Refinery g
265.0
365.0
670.0
100.6±0.8
0.53
a Average of five replicate determinations of each sample .
b The measure precision is the relative standard deviation(sr).
c T. S. P. Complex Ltd., Patenga, Chittagong.
d PHP Steel Mills, Kumira, Chittagong.
e Bangladesh Steel Re-rolling Mills Ltd.(BSRM) , Baizid Bosthami, Chittagong.
f Karnaphuly Paper Mills, Chandraghona, Chittagong.
g Eastern Refinery, North Patenga, Chittagong. 32

33. Application (continued)
Table 7. Determination of manganese in blood and urine samples
Serial No.
Sample
Manganese/µg L-1
Sourcea
AAS (n=5)
Proposed method
(n = 5) 1
Blood
Urine
908.2 ± 1.0
267.3 ± 1.5
910.5 ± 1.2
270.5 ± 1.5
Manganism (damage of central nervous system or neurological disorder) patient (Female) 2
459.3 ± 1.2
118.4 ± 1.6
465.2 ± 1.5
121.5 ± 1.8
Leucopenia patient (Female) 3
387.5 ± 1.3
107.6 ± 1.8
391.0 ± 1.5
112.2 ± 2.0
Liver cirrhosis patient (Male) 4
367.4 ± 1.5
95.5 ± 1.8
372.5 ± 1.8
98.5 ± 2.2
Pneumonitis
(Manganic Pneumonia)
patient (Male) 5
225.6 ± 1.6
82.9 ± 2.0
228.5 ± 2.0
85.5 ± 1.8
Hypertension patient (Male) 6
102.0 ± 2.2
40.2 ± 1.9
105.5 ± 2.0
43.5 ± 2.5
Asthma patient (Male) 7
12.5 ± 2.0
3.25 ± 1.2
12.8 ± 1.5
3.30 ± 1.0
Normal Adult (Male) 8
Hairb
685.8 ± 1.5
691.5 ± 1.2
Normal human hair (Male)
aSamples were from Chittagong Medical College Hospital.
bValues in ng g-1. 33

34. Application (continued)
Table 8. Determination of manganese in some soil samples
Serial No.
Manganese
(mg kg-1) a
(n=5)
RSD (%)
Sample Sourceb
S1b
2. 5 ± 0.5
1. 5
Agriculture soil
(Chittagong University Campus) S2
0. 85 ± 0.3
1. 3
Marine soil
(Bay of Bengal) S3
17. 5 ± 1.0
1. 8
Traffic soil
(Kadamtali Bus Terminal) S4
85.6 ± 1.2
2. 1
Industrial soil
(Estern Cables) S5
75.8 ± 1.0
2. 4
(T.S.P. Complex, Chittagong) S6
± 1.3
2. 5
(Bangladesh Steel Re-rolling Mills Ltd., Chittagong, Bangladesh) S7
5. 85 ± 0.8
Road side soil
(Dhaka-Chittagong Highway) S8
107 ± 1.5
2. 0
Paint soil
(Elite Paint, Chittagong) S9
3. 5 ± 0.5
1. 6
River soil
(River Halda, Chittagong)
S10
6. 8 ± 0. 8
1.8
(River Karnaphully, Chittagong)
aAverage of five analyses of each sample.
bThe measure of precision is the standard deviation.
cComposition of the soil samples: C, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, NO3, NO2, P, Pb, SO4, Zn, etc.

35. Application (continued)
Table 9. Determination of manganese in some pharmaceutical samples
Pharmaceutical samples
Brand name
Trade name
Manganese/µgg-1 or mgL-1
RSD
(%)
Reported
(Claimed) value
Found
(n=5)
Tablet
Square
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Mulvit plus
(Multivitamin-mineral)
/µgg-1
100.5
102.5
2.5
Eskayef Bangladesh Ltd
(SK+F)
Ostocal M
(Calcium, vitamin D & minerals)
180.5
183.2
1.5
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BPL)
Bextram Gold
(A to Z)
200.5
205
Syrup
The ACME Laboratories Ltd.
Nutrum Junior (Multivitamin-mineral)
/ mgL-1
150.0
152
2.0
Finecure
Menuvit Syrup
160.0
158.5 35

36. Application (continued)
Table 10. Determination of manganese in some vegetable and fruit samples
Serial No.
Sample
Manganese/mg kg-1
Founda  s
(n=5)
Sample source 1
White Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea cupitata)
20.8±1.0
Local Market, Chittagong 2
Radish
(Raphanus sativus)
28.5±1.5 3
Tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
12.75±1.3 4
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum)
7.25±1.2 5
Cauliflower
(Brassica oleracea)
45.5±1.5 6
Garlic
(Allium sativum)
49.8±1.4 7
Onion
(Allium cepa)
75.5±1.5 8
Coriander seeds
(Coriandrum sativum)
39.5±2.0 9
Olive
(Olea europaea)
1.85±0.5 10
Banana
(Musa acuminate)
0.19±0.05 36
a Average of five replicate analyses of each sample.

37. Application (continued)
Table 11. Determination of manganese in some fertilizer samples
Sample
Fertilizers
Concentration / ( mg kg-1)
Found (n=5)
RSD
(%) 1
Urea
685.0 ± 1.5
2.0 2
T.S.P
(Triple Super Phosphate)
232.5 ± 1.8
2.5 3
MOP
(Muriate of Potash)
145.8 ± 1.9
2.8 37

38. 2, 2′-bipyridine.(Solvent
Table 12. Comparison of present and existing spectrophotometric methods for manganese
Reagent
( Reference)
Reaction
condition
Method
λmax
( nm)
Beer’s Law
mgL-1 ε
(Lmol-1cm-1)
Detectin
Limit
μgL-1
Remarks
2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (OHNAINH)
DMF and M H2SO4
DMF
And solvent extractive
495
1.02 x 104 30
Less sensitive.
Less selective due to much interference.
Solvent extractive hence, lengthy and timapplication.e consuming.
Limited
1-phenyl-1-hydrazonyl-2-oximinopropane-1,2-dione (HPHOPD)
Chloroform and 0.5 M
H2SO4
solvent extractive
430
1-100
0.89 x103 50
Solvent extractive hence, lengthy and time consuming.
Application in limited samples.
N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)tolidine (HSPT), periodate
Chloroform and 0.25 M
2, 2′-bipyridine.(Solvent
Extractive)
670
2.5 x104 20
Limited application.
Nitrilotriacetic acid,potassium periodate
Chloroform and 0.1M H2SO4
Nonionic microemulsion
580
3.5 x104
37.5
Less selective due to much interference
Application in foodstuff only.
4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol
Chloroform and 0.5-2M HCl
solvent extractive
3.5 x103 34
Bis(2-hydroxy-1-napthaldehyde) orthophenylenediamine
(HNA-OPD-HNA)
(Present method)
(50%)
And
M H2SO4
Aqueous
508
4.89 x106 1
Highly selective.
Ultra sensitive.
Aqueous reaction medium.
Simple and rapid.
Color stable more than 24 h at 25±50C.
Non -extractive.
Application in various
real, environmental, biological, soil, food, fertilizer and pharmaceutical samples. 38

39. Conclusions
 A new simple, sensitive, selective and inexpensive method with manganese-HNA-OPD-HNA complex was developed for the determination of manganese in industrial, environmental, biological, pharmaceutical,food and soil samples, for continuous monitoring to establish the trace levels of manganese in different samples matrices
 Although many sophisticated techniques such as pulse polarography, HPLC, AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS, are available for the determination of manganese at trace levels in numerous complex materials, factors such as the low cost of the instrument, easy handling, lack of requirement for consumables, and almost no maintenance have caused spectrophotometry to remain a popular technique, particularly in laboratories of developing countries with limited budgets.
 The sensitivity in terms of molar absorption coefficient and precision in terms of relative standard deviation of the present method is very reliable for the determination of manganese in real samples down to ng g-1 levels in aqueous medium at room temperature (255)°C.

40. Socioeconomic Importance of the Project
. It is a new approach and could be an alternative of the standard methods for the rapid determination of manganese in food, drugs, soils, cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, water supplies and waste disposal methods, etc.
The following outcomes may be achieved:
to give the benefit to non – analytical scientists who use these methods in different scientific disciplines.
to provide contributions to assist in diagnosis of illness and in monitoring the condition of patients.
to enhance our capability to predict the effects of manganese pollution in environmental waters
to help to test the quality of drinking water supplies in Chittagong cities which are more deteriorating due to industrial pollution.
to apply the method for continuous monitoring of environmental
parameters.
to increase the awareness of the people against the effect and
remedies of the manganese pollution. 40

41. Acknowledgements
I am highly grateful to the Dean,Faculty of Biological Science,
University of Chittagong,for generous help and permiting me
for analyzing Biological Samples by AAS.
I am thankful to the Authorities of Chittagong Medical College
Hospital and of C.S.C.R Hospital for supplying biological
samples.
Last but not least I am thankful to my PhD student Md. Tazul Islam
of Dept. of Chemistry, University of Chittagong who actually done
this work.
5/12/2018 41

42. References
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43. Dept. of Chemistry, University of Chittagong

44. Analytical & Environmental Research Group Dept
Analytical & Environmental Research Group Dept. of Chemistry, University of Chittagong

45. THANKS 45