1. SOME POINTS FROM GREEN CHEMISTRY POOL (Raw materials and wastes – an interconnected vessel of Green Chemistry)
Pavel PAZDERA
Centre for Syntheses at Sustainable Conditions and their Management, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ , Brno, Czech Republic

2. Introduction of Centre
Since 2006 Masaryk University, Gasmeter – Water, Ltd. Brno, and Synthetic Manufactory Draslovka Co. Kolín have joined their human, equipment, cash flow and know – how potentials and have formed new Centre for Syntheses at Sustainable Conditions and their Management on financial support of Czech Republic government. Activities of the Centre are focused on an application of Green Chemistry and Cleaner Production principles in the chemistry research, development, technology, engineering and production. Activities of Company Gasmeter – Water are oriented to technology, engineering and apparatus of cleaner chemical production. Synthetic Manufactory Draslovka Co. Kolín is focused on production of chemical specialties and fine chemicals based on cyanide chemistry area. It is ones of the biggest hydrogen cyanide producers in Europe.

3. Main purposes of the Centre
1/ Research, development and application of Green Chemistry methods, cleaner chemical syntheses, and technologies in area of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals for industry,
2/ Conception, synthetic design and strategy for industrial syntheses,
3/ Education and preparation of human resources in this field,
4/ Cooperation with similar workplaces in European research area and other countries in the World,
5/ Publicity, promotion and popularization of objectives, results in searching of the new chemical synthesis and technologies in Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development in Czech Republic with the goal to integrate these in the scientific, exploratory and technological sphere in EU.
Synthetic approaches and methods * Sophisticated sustainable syntheses of organic specialties, namely in cyan and amine chemistry (pyridine, piperazine),
* One pot, MCRs, Domino- and similar synthetic processes,
* Catalysis by supported d-metal complexes (C-C and C-N coupling reactions, reduction, oxidation, addition, elimination reactions etc.),
* Phase transfer catalysis (PTC) and inverse PTC by supported catalysts,
* Ultra-sonochemistry and microwave assisted syntheses,
* Mini-reactors for industrial continual low-tonnage syntheses of fine chemicals at non-classical conditions.

4. Applied results (since 2006) * 6 patents or patent applications
Staff * 1 professor
* 2 scientists with Ph. D. degree
* 10 workers with MSc. degree
* 2 workers with BSc. degree
Structure analytical equipment * Multinuclear NMR spectrometers (300, 500, 600 MHz)
* FTIR and RA spectrometer
* UV-VIS spectrophotometer
* MS incl. MALDI-TOF spectroscopy
* GC, HPLC
* X-RAY diffractometer
* electro-analytical equipment
Applied results (since 2006) * 6 patents or patent applications
* 3 pilot plant technologies
* 4 plant technologies
* Portable plastic pilot plant synthetic reactors – capacity ca 50 – 500 kg material
Annual budget
*300 000 € (60 % government grant)
*120 000 € full grant for MU

5. Some current global trends: hyperbolic vs. exponential dependence i. e
Some current global trends: hyperbolic vs. exponential dependence i. e. discrepancy => non-sustainable being of humankind with its non-rational development and non-responsive growth

6. Solution of actual discrepancy - Sustainable Development
Since the late 1960s and early 1970s some peoples from the fields of academia, civil society, diplomacy, and industry have begun to be aware that a current life style and development of humankind is not further sustainable. It has happen to a massive pollution of environment in consequence of industrial activities and manufacturing, an over-exploitation of natural raw material and energy sources, confrontation of style of life and development between developed countries and poorer developing countries or least developed countries has been incommensurate.
1968 The Club of Rome - book The Limits to Growth (1972)
1970 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) – R. Nixon
1972 Stockholm - United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development - Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) – term “Sustainable Development”
1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and the adoption of Agenda 21
Sustainable Development is defined as:
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

7. Sustainable Development and its content
Sustainable Development (SD) might be a starting-point, solution and prevention for an ulterior being of human civilization. It might to optimize close relations between production, economy, human society, biosphere and environment, respectively.
Hence SD is built on three pillars: environmental, economical and social, respectively.
SD would have been viable (for production, economy and environment), social and economic equitable and social and environmental bearable in all and for all.
Most of countries have not problem to accept environmental pillar. However, acceptation of economical and social pillar generate scruple or even a silent opposition in poorer developing countries or least developed countries on the one hand but also in developed countries namely with neo-liberal government on principle as a “Third Way”.
Consequently, the Sustainable Development should be comprehended as a sustainable being of humankind with its rational development and responsive growth.

8. Green Chemistry as the chemistry for Sustainable Development
Environmental and economical pillar of SD are currently for chemistry, its engineering and technology very considerable and substantial. However, chemical, pharmaceutical and similar production are economic and social very benefitable for humanity, but these are very disadvantageous for natural resources and for all the rest of environment. With the goal to harmonize this disproportion the solution has been in demand.
Shortly after the passage of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, US EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) began to explore the idea of developing new or improving existing chemical products and processes to make them less hazardous to human health and the environment.
In 1991, OPPT launched the model research grants program "Alternative Synthetic Pathways for Pollution Prevention". This program provided, for the first time, grants for research projects that included pollution prevention in the synthesis of chemicals. Since that time the Green Chemistry Program has built collaborations with many partners to promote pollution prevention through Green Chemistry. Partnering organizations represent academia, industry, other government agencies, and non-governmental organizations.
Under the name Green Chemistry are realized corresponding activities first of all in countries except continental Europe. In European Union may be analogous activities presented under indication Sustainable Chemistry.
Two exclusive journals Green Chemistry (RSC since 1999) and ChemSusChem (Wiley Interscience since 2008) publish the most up-to-date results and solutions of Sustainable and Green Chemistry.

9. Green Chemistry is not:
„Greenpeace friendly chemistry“ ;
about an environmental chemical monitoring only;
fleeting trendy job.
Green Chemistry is about chemicals, chemical products and their syntheses and technologies for Sustainable Development. And also about money (first of all for undertakings). Green Chemistry is about „action“.
The addition of the words „Green„ or „Sustainable“ to our vocabulary, to our reports, programs, and papers, to the names of our academic institutes and research programs, and to our community initiatives, is not sufficient to ensure that our chemistry becomes „Greener“ or „Sustainable“ – nota bene!
What for „Green“? – Because it is green vegetation, green tree of a living, and green „GO!“ on semaphore signal, respectively. On the other hand, the Earth is blue globe (tells us CzR president Vaclav Klaus).

10. Goals and Principles of Green Chemistry
The essential keyword connected with 4 fundamental goals of Green Chemistry is the phrase „minimizing“:
waste and pollution minimizing,
efficient exploitation of material and energy resources ( i. e. minimizing of their depletion),
hazard minimizing,
and minimizing of costs as result of previous three.
The next keywords for set of Green Chemistry goals are terms “efficiently”, “rationally”, “really”, and “preferably” because declared goals may be not achieved promptly and absolutely.
As the first Paul Anastas and John C. Warner (Anastas and Warner Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York. p. 30.) formulated and declared 12 principles of Green Chemistry. These are known and used generally since the time.

11. Re-formulated 12 Green Chemistry principles (P
Re-formulated 12 Green Chemistry principles (P. Pazdera in Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound - Sonochemistry for Sustainability (Dong Chen, Sanjay K. Sharma, Ackmez Mudhoo - Edits.), Chapter 1. Emerging Ubiquity of Green Chemistry in Engineering and Technology, Taylor & Francis 2011.)
A. Waste and pollution minimizing:
1. Prevention of waste formation is preferred before waste disposal. It is better to solve waste “at source” (=prevention) then “and of pipe” (= waste management and/ or treatment).
B. Efficient exploitation of material and energy sources:
2. Syntheses, synthetic processes must by design with highest atom economy, i. e. with maximal incorporation of inputs into product;
3. Rational reduction for using of solvents and other auxiliaries is preferred before their recycling and/or regeneration;
4. Preference of catalytic reagents before stoichiometric;
5. Preference of (solid) supported catalysts before homogenous;
6. Multistep syntheses are preferable to realize as one-pot, ideally as MCRs and/or domino-syntheses;
7. Permanent and renewable material and energy resources should be practicable and applicable rather than non-renewable wherever it is acceptable technically and economically. Research, development and engineering of suitable technologies for renewable material and energy resources;
8. Rational reduction for using of a raw material or feedstock derivatives by reason of their protection, activation and other temporary modification;

12. Re-formulated 12 Green Chemistry principles (P
Re-formulated 12 Green Chemistry principles (P. Pazdera in Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound - Sonochemistry for Sustainability (Dong Chen, Sanjay K. Sharma, Ackmez Mudhoo - Edits.), Chapter 1. Emerging Ubiquity of Green Chemistry in Engineering and Technology, Taylor & Francis 2011.)
C. General hazard minimizing:
9. Synthetic processes, incoming and out-coming chemicals must be minimal general hazardous;
10. Life cycle assessment of chemical products must by effected;
11. Developing and using of suitable precise analytical techniques and methods to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
D. Minimizing of costs:
12. It will be resulted as rational and efficient using above presented principles.

13. Methods and approaches applicable for realization of Green Chemistry goals and for achievement of its principles
Sophisticated approaches including regio- and stereoselective synthetic procedures (Note for explanation: A sophisticated approach to solving of problem we can characterize as trivial solution of non-trivial complicated problem),
One-pot, multicomponent (MCRs), and domino-reactions,
Acid-base catalysis, catalysis by transitions metal and its complexes, and enzymatic catalysis,
Inter-phase catalysis, i. e. phase transfer catalysis – both “classic“ and inverse PTC, and micellar catalysis,
Synthetic applications of supported catalysts (mentioned above) and auxiliaries by reason of their easy separation, regeneration, and re-using, and next solid supported and combinatorial syntheses,

14. Methods and approaches applicable for realization of Green Chemistry goals and for achievement of Green Chemistry principles
F. Syntheses realized under non-classic conditions:
Supercritical (sc) water, carbon dioxide (both sense of risk because of high pressure and temperature for water, especially) and next ionic liquids as solvents,
Microwaves (MW) as a low-energy and an efficient alternative to classic heating,
Ultrasound (US) as a low-energy and an efficient alternative to classic stirring, shaking and heating, respectively,
G. Combinations of presented above methods and approaches, which bear often very efficacious and surprising results especially thanks to their synergism.

15. Nacítání...
Green Chemistry metrics as a tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
Synthetic process (chemical synthesis) definition: process that starts from moment of location of reagent(s), possible solvent, catalyst, and auxiliaries in reactor over point ending of their reaction, over separation and purification process of reaction product(s) and that is finished by adjustment of product(s).
Note: The first and end part of definition is very important because it help to explore requirement of energy and work and their costs for all process. On the other hand, it helps to obtain real look on some sensational so-called solvent-free syntheses. These cases are reported very often, but in further view they are not solvent-free syntheses. Respective reaction proceeds indeed without solvent, but mixture of reagents was mixed in solvent – often dichloromethane – denied for industrial utilization- for deposition on solid support and/or final (solid) product was purified by using of solvent (crystallization or chromatography).
Chemical one-step synthesis may be described schematic as follows:
A, B starting reactants, educts
C target product
C´, C´´ isomers, both regio- and stereo- of target product (undesirable)
D by-product (undesirable)
%A, %B non-converted educts
catalyst acid-base, metal complex, homogeneous or heterogeneous
solvent for reaction, for purification
auxiliaries sorbent for purification, surfactant, inert gas
energy for heating, cooling, stirring, high pressure, vacuum, transport
work of staff

16. Methods and approaches applicable for realization of Green Chemistry goals and for achievement of Green Chemistry principles
F. Syntheses realized under non-classic conditions:
Supercritical (sc) water, sc-carbon dioxide (both sense of risk because of high pressure and temperature for water, especially) and next ionic liquids as solvents,
Microwaves (MW) as a low-energy and an efficient alternative to classic heating,
Ultrasound (US) as a low-energy and an efficient alternative to classic stirring, shaking and heating, respectively,
G. Combinations of presented above methods and approaches, which bear often very efficacious and surprising results especially thanks to their synergism.

17. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
1. Conversion X of reactant A or B (one of them is marked as key reactant) is degree of its utilization for any product formation in given moment. This index (value 0-1 or 0-100%, theoretic maximum X=1 or X=100%) shows how many of key reactant is utilized for products formation and signifies how much its rest for waste management. Conversion may be increased by arrangement of synthetic procedure conditions, e.g. by change of solvent, and displacement of equilibrium. 2. Yield of the target product C is the amount of product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction. Relationship between yield Y and conversion X is given by multiplication operation Y=X*S, where S is a selectivity of reaction for target product, all calculated on a molar basis. Or else as relationship between found the mass of target product and its theory calculated value, range of Y is 0-1 or 0-100%, with a theoretic maximum Y=1 or Y=100%. Yield as well as conversion and reaction selectivity may be increased by change of synthetic procedure conditions. 3. Effective mass yield is defined as ratio between found weight of the target product and the mass of all non-benign materials incident in the course of its synthesis (i. e. regio- and/or stereoisomers of target product, by-product(s), catalyst, solvents, and auxiliaries). The weakness of this metrics is a requirement further definition of a benign substance. It is assumed that these have no environmental risk associated with them, for example, water, low-concentration brine, inert gases, dilute ethanol, autoclaved cell mass, etc. This definition is very subjective because environmental data incomplete. However, this metrics demonstrates big advantages of One pot, MCRs, Domino- and other similar synthetic approaches.

18. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
3. Environmental-factor (E-factor): The E-factor calculation is defined by the ratio of the mass of waste per unit of product. The value is very simple to understand and to use.
Chemical industry sector with bulky tonnage of annual production achieving relative small values of E-factor, e. g. petrochemical industry and industry produced bulk chemicals have E-factor at the annual production t.
However, chemical companies producing fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals have at the annual production t their E-factor incomparable higher, i. e
These data demonstrate that oil companies produce a lot less waste than pharmaceuticals as a percentage of material processed. This reflects the fact that the profit margins in the oil industry require them to minimize waste and find uses for products which would “normally” be discarded as waste, or it may be by catalytic processes transformed to usable fundamental products (methane, ethane, ethylene, and hydro-crafting of “heavy” natural resin paraffines).
By contrast the pharmaceutical sector is more focused on molecule manufacture and quality.

19. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
4. Atom economy (atom efficiency, AE) was designed in a different way to all the other above metrics. It can be designed as a method by which organic chemists would plan on “cleaner” synthetic processes very simply. The essential definition of atom economy is based on how much of the reactants remain in the final product. For single one-step above presented synthesis can be atom economy calculated:
AE = m.w. of C / m.w. of sum (A +B).  
For a general multi-step synthesis scheme for target product G: A + B → C followed C + D → E and next E + F → G 
The atom economy mathematical definition is described:  
AE = m.w. of G / m.w. of sum (A + B + D + F)
The weakness of atom economy is fact that used catalyst, solvent, and auxiliaries are ignored as they are not incorporated into the final product. Atom economy also ignores possibility for re-use of secondary reaction products for example by recycling.
The atom economy calculation is a very simple and it is useful as a low atom economy at the design stage of a reaction prior to entering the laboratory can drive a cleaner synthetic strategy to be formulated. Range of AE is 0-1 or 0-100%, theoretic maximum Y=1 or Y=100%. It is achieved for isomerization reactions, rearrangement, addition reactions incl. Diels-Alder and similar cycloadditions if these proceed without more isomers formation. On this reaction types one product is formed only. On the other hand, Wittig reaction or Mitsunobu reaction has very bad atom economy because heavy triphenylphosphine oxide is formed (m.w. 278).

20. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
5. Carbon efficiency (CE) is simply derived from atom economy, but only for efficiency of carbon atoms participant in synthetic process.
The goal is here to conserve all carbon atoms in matrix of compound. The value of carbon efficiency less than one is connected with cracking and decarboxylation reactions. Bulky decarboxylation reactions realized in petrochemistry might be source of massive volumes of greenhouse carbon dioxide.
This metric layouts also ways for transformation technologies usable for processing of biomass and some wastes in alternatives to natural gas and petroleum, i.e. biomass combustion, fermentation, anaerobic digestion (disproportion), gasification under controlled temperature (Carbo-V® process) and hydrothermal carbonization, respectively. These approaches will be demonstrated later.
6. Reaction mass efficiency may be also simply derived from atom economy, but in calculation formula is used mass of product and educts in lieu of molecular weight of these. The only difference between atom economy and reaction mass efficiency values may be if educts react not in real reaction on stoichiometric basis (excess of non-key reactant). In this case is value for reaction mass efficiency less than a value for atom economy.

21. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
7. The EcoScale is a recently developed metrics tool for evaluation of the effectiveness of synthetic procedures (in laboratory). It is characterized by simplicity and general applicability. Like the yield-based scale, the EcoScale gives a score from 0 to 100, but also takes into account cost, safety, technical set-up, energy, source, and purification aspects. It is obtained by assigning a value of 100 to an ideal reaction mentioned above. The proposed approach is based on assigning a range of penalty points to these parameters (free for discussion): EcoScale = sum of individual penalties.
1. Yield
(100 – yield)/2
2. Price of reaction components (to obtain 10 mmol of end product)
Inexpensive (< $10)
Expensive (> $10 and < $50) 3
Very expensive (> $50) 5
3. Safetya
N (dangerous for environment)
T (toxic)
F (highly flammable)
E (explosive) 10
F+ (extremely flammable)
T+ (extremely toxic)
4. Technical setup
Common setup
Instruments for controlled addition of chemicals 1
Unconventional activation technique (sono, MW) 2
Pressure equipment, > 1 atmd 3
Any additional special glassware
(Inert) gas atmosphere
Glove box

22. Green Chemistry metrics as tool for synthetic process designing, optimizing, evaluation and realization
7. The EcoScale (Van Aken, Koen, Lucjan Strekowski and Luc Patiny, EcoScale, a semi-quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters, Beilstein J. Org. Chem (3): 2.). EcoScale = sum of individual penalties.
5. Temperature and time
Room temperature, < 1 h
Room temperature, < 24 h 1
Heating, < 1 h 2
Heating, > 1 h 3
Cooling to 0°C 4
Cooling, < 0°C 5
6. Work up and purification
None
Cooling to room temperature
Adding solvent
Simple filtration
Removal of solvent with bp < 150°C
Crystallization and filtration 1
Removal of solvent with bp > 150°C 2
Solid phase extraction
Distillation 3
Sublimation
Liquid-liquid extractione
Classical chromatography 10

23. Resources of basic raw materials and energy
Permanent:
base raw materials as water, salty sea and ocean water, nitrogen, oxygen and other air gases,
energy as solar and geothermal energy, kinetic or potential energy of flowing water and agitate air.
Renewable:
a biomass, namely green algae, seaweed and green plants, charcoal, and nuclear energy.
Recently the wastes!
Non-renewable (conventional):
rock oil, rock gas, coal,
and on them based energy resources.
Conventional non-renewable resources are currently crucial, in the time perspective hazardous on the ground of their depletion over time.
Actual goals – wider using of permanent and renewable resources. Complication = costs!!

24. Wastes
Definition: waste = mass (or energy), which is formed during a manufacturing process of a product with a utility value and that remains when this product loses a utility value. Namely until this waste mass or energy is integrated either into an environment or is changed in a next product(s) with a new utility value.
Anthropogenic waste types defined by modern systems of waste management are municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, institutional, commercial waste, and industrial waste, medical (also known as clinical waste), hazardous, radioactive waste, and electronic waste, respectively, and mentioned below biodegradable waste.
Wastes which are forming during the anthropogenic activities may be localized in an integral environment, i. e. on the face of the earth in a soil, in water of rivers, seas, oceans and subterranean waters, and in atmosphere, respectively. Chemical substances which are contained in anthropogenic wastes may be transformed in environment by natural environmental processes, e. g. by (bio)degradation in soil, water and air, by photo-oxidative processes, often by enzymatic action of living organisms as bacteria, yeasts, green plants etc. under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

25. Wastes
Waste can be classified also according to state of matter as solid, liquid, and gaseous waste, to material uniformity as homogeneous or heterogeneous, and industrial waste next by location of their genesis as “at sources” and “end of pipe” wastes. The best wastes are wastes, which are not generated. Prevention of a waste production and prevention of pollution are principal approaches of waste management. Disposal of “end of pipe” wastes incl. all anthropogenic waste types can be described by following sequence of procedures (environmental merit of this sequence is decreasing analogous to material merit and utility value): 1. Re-using of original product (returned flask, old book in antiquarian bookshop, or used-car shopping, re-passing) 2. Re-using of original product material (old paper, metals, etc.), 3. Re-using of original product material as another resources of material or energy, 4. Biodegradation by waste composting or in sewerage plant, 5. Waste incineration plant with cleaning of combustion products, 6. Controlled waste dump, 7. Waste incineration plant without cleaning of combustion products, 8. Non-controlled waste dump.

26. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Possibility for biomass treatment and its effectivity:
Starting biomass (approx. C6H12O6 = C6(H2O)6) 3240 kJ/mol
Process
Products
Carbon efficiency (%)
Exploitable energy (kJ)
+ > O2
combustion
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
non O2
fermentation
2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 66
2760
anaerobic digestion (carbon efficiency disproportionation process)
3 CH4 + 3 CO2 50
2664
+ H2O
hydrothermal gasification under controlled temperature (Carbo-V® process) - followed by Fischer-Tropsch process giving liquid petrol
6 CO + 6 H2
and next:
(2n+1) H2 + n CO → CnH(2n+2) + n H2O
100
2950
hydrothermal carbonisation
lignite/ brown coal (approx. C6H2O) + 6 H2O
2135
+ H2O + sewage disposal plant sludge (approx. 4 NH3)
process providing mixture of paraffines, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics and heteroaromatics
coalified biomass (approx. C6H16N4O2) H2O = resource for chemistry
2200

27. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Technology scheme for two step hydrothermal gasification process of biomass ending by bio-fuel. First step (NTV) is low thermal – T= 300 – 600 °C/ MPa, second step (HTV) is medium thermal – T= 500 – 850 °C/ Mpa)
NTV provides liquid mixture = hydrothermal depolymerization in sc-water, HTV affords mixture of gases (CO + H2) = hydro-cracking

28. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Average hydrothermal depolymerization feedstock outputs and their evaluation
Feedstock
(containing water)
Oils
Gases
Solids (mostly carbon based)
Water (Steam)
ERoEI (overall, estimated)
Plastic bottles
70%
16% 6% 8%
> 6.3
Medical waste
65%
10% 5%
20%
> 3
Tires
44%
42% 4%
> 4.5
Turkey offal
39%
50%
5.6 
Sewage sludge
26% 9%
57%
> 1.6
Paper (cellulose)
48%
24%
3.2
ERoEI (ratio Energy Returned on Energy Invested) values for some energy resources are e. g.: power plant: water , wind 30-60, solar 10-30, and nuclear 20-60, coal 10-25, natural gas 20, naphta , car petrol 7-10, bio-ethanol 0.5-8, and bio-gas 3-8.

29. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Average Oil Classification/ for turkey offal hydrothermal depolymerization
Output Material
% by Weight
Paraffins
22%
Olefins
14%
Naphthenes 3%
Aromatics 6%
C16-C16+
55%
Average Dry Gas Classification (for all hydrothermal depolymerisation processes above)
Component Part
Volume Percentage CO % H2 %
CH4
1 - 6%
CO2 % N2
5 - 50%

30. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Average Mineral Mix in Ash (for turkey offal hydrothermal depolymerization)
Mineral/Micronutrient
Concentration, kg/tonne starting waste
Nitrogen (N) 60
Phosphorus (P)
380
Potassium (K) 10
Calcium
340
Chloride 2
Copper
0.1
Iron
Magnesium 13
Manganese
0.2
Silicon 9
Sodium
Sulfur 6
Zinc
0.8
Fixed Carbon 20
Organic Matter
147.9
Total
1,000

31. Carbon containing waste as a biomass equivalent
Resume
1. All carbon containing waste may be used as an equivalent to biomass,
2. Hydrothermal depolymerization processes are the best treatment methods for transformation both mentioned,
3. Hydrothermal depolymerization processes can be an alternative to conventional petroleum chemical processes,
4. Relative high costs connected with installation of hydrothermal depolymerization plants/ stations inhibit their general application because actual prices of non-renewable resources (rock-oil, rock gas and coal) are relatively low.
5. This situation will be changed presently.
6. Industrial grant of EU for general joint projects can help to realize this currently discrepancy in perspective

32. Thank you for your attention and time
Brno Panorama