1. The rules and theory of human rights law The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998

2. Objectives
Explain and apply the main provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998 and relevant cases, with particular reference to sections 2,3,4,6,7 and 19.
Explain the impact of the Human Rights Act on how human rights are protected.
Critically evaluate the Human Rights Act and suggest reforms.

3. The Human Rights Act 1998
How has the Human Rights Act 1998 affected how our rights are protected?
HRA 1998 – incorporated the ECHR (and 1st protocol) into domestic law – came into force in October 2000.
Section 7 - Convention now directly applicable in UK courts, no need to go to Strasbourg (but possible as a last resort).

4. The Human Rights Act 1998
Before the Human Rights Act taking a case to Strasbourg could take up to 6 years.
The Convention rights now incorporated into the Human Rights Act, therefore we can take a case directly to our own courts - an appeal to the European Court is still possible as a last resort.

5. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 2 – domestic judiciary ‘must take into account’ any relevant jurisprudence - this requires the courts to take into account any relevant judgments from the European Court of Human Rights, but they are not bound by them.
Section 2 creates a weak obligation on judges.

6. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 3 – requires that : ‘So far as it is possible to do so, legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights’.

7. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 6 – unlawful for public authorities to act in a way which is incompatible with Convention rights
Public body includes, local/ central Government, police, NHS etc.
Meaning of ‘public authority’ considered in Donoghue v Poplar Housing & Regeneration Community Association Ltd (2001) - public authority could include a housing association as by providing accommodation it was fulfilling the Local Authority’s statutory obligation.

8. The Human Rights Act 1998
Clear therefore from section 6 that citizens can enforce rights against the state (vertical effect).
Convention however has very limited form of horizontal effect (individuals against other individuals) see Douglas v Hello (2001) & R (on the application of Al-Skeini) v Sec of State
for Defence (2007).

9. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 6 – unlawful for public authorities to act in a way which is incompatible with Convention rights.
Andrews v Reading BC (2005) – Reading BC had to pay compensation for failing to consider Andrews’ convention right to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions when implementing transport policy in Reading which resulted in more traffic passing his home.

10. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 19 – All Bills must contain a written statement as to whether the Bill is compatible with the Convention.

11. The Human Rights Act 1998
HRA limitations - laws which are incompatible with Convention rights are still valid - judges cannot strike them out (upholds principle of Parliamentary sovereignty).
However if Courts find legislation to be incompatible they can issue a declaration of incompatibility – section 4.

12. The Human Rights Act 1998
Section 4 - declarations of incompatibility –
See:
Wilson v First County Trust (2003) – House of Lords issued a declaration that a provision of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 was incompatible with the Convention.
Procurator Fiscal v Brown (2000)
Bellenger v Bellenger (2003)
A and Z and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004)

13. The Human Rights Act 1998 Section 4 - declarations of incompatibility
In small groups discuss:
Does section 4 give judges too much power, or does
it not go far enough?
Should judges be able to strike out laws that are
incompatible with Convention rights?

14. The Human Rights Act 1998 Other important cases to note:
Re JJ (control orders) (2006)
Re MB (2006)
R (on the application of Shabina Begum) v Head Teacher and Governors of Denbigh School (2006)
Ali v Head Teacher and Governors of Lord Grey School (2006)

15. The Human Rights Act 1998
In small groups research/ discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Human Rights Act 1998.
Consider recent publicity surrounding the Act and comments from both Labour and Conservative leaders - David Cameron wants to scrap it.
Should we scrap the Human Rights Act?
Do you think that the Human Rights Act has given greater protection to people against breaches of Human Rights?

16. The Human Rights Act 1998 Advantages Improved access
Encourages conformity
Avoids conflict between UK domestic law and international law
Better awareness of rights by citizens
ECHR has been tried and tested over 30 years

17. The Human Rights Act 1998 Disadvantages HRA not entrenched
Too much judicial power?
Too little judicial power? Cannot strike out laws
Rights in the Convention only enforceable against the state and not private individuals
ECHR is old, outdated, does not include social/ economic rights

18. The Human Rights Act 1998 The main problem with the Human Rights
Act is that it is not ENTRENCHED - this
means it is not permanent and so any new
government could scrap it. We have no
entrenched laws in this country, unlike
America that has a Bill of Rights.

19. Summary of protection of Human Rights pre and post HRA
Pre Act
Post Act
Applicability of the ECHR
No direct effect – Convention had persuasive influence
Convention rights now directly applicable
Case Law of ECtHR
Courts reluctant to apply case law of the Convention
Under Section 2 duty to take into account case law of the ECtHR
Interpretation of statutes
Presumption against interference with fundamental rights
Must interpret laws in light of Convention rights wherever possible – Section 3
Validity of primary legislation
No power to question or strike out an Act of Parliament
Power of higher courts to issue declarations of incompatibility – Section 4

20. Reform Commission for Equality and Human Rights set up 2007
- fully operational 2009.
Functions include:
Providing advice and guidance;
Conducting inquiries;
Bringing cases;
Monitoring the ECHR in domestic law;
Scrutinising new laws;
Publishing regular reports.

21. Useful websites www.opsi.gov.uk ( HRA 1998)
- website of the European Court of Human Rights

22. Test yourself What did the HRA incorporate into UK domestic law?
When did the Act come into force?
What does section 2 require the judiciary to do?
Under what section can judges issue a declaration of incompatibility?
Name some cases where they have done this.
Against whom can you enforce the rights in the Convention?
List 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the HRA.