1. Innervation and Function of the Female Urinary Bladder and Urethra
Andreas Bannowsky, Klaus-Peter Juenemann 
EAU Update Series 
Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages (September 2003)
DOI: /S (03)

2. Fig. 1
(a) Position of M. sphincter vesicae (“Internus”, blue) and (b) M. sphincter urethrae (“externus”, green), bladder (red) and urethra (yellow).
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

3. Fig. 2
Urethral smooth musculature and striated external sphincter (M. sphincter urethrae).
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

4. Fig. 3
Parasympathetic innervation: the parasympathetic pelvic nerve (N. pelvicus) innervates the detrusor muscle and induces the micturition by release of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetyl choline.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

5. Fig. 4
Sympathatic innervation: the sympathetic hypogastric nerve (N. hypogastricus) ensures continence. The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine inhibits the detrusor muscle by β-receptors and leads to a tonicization of the urethra (α-receptors).
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

6. Fig. 5
The striated external sphincter and the pelvic floor are innervated by the somatic pudendal nerve (N. pudendus).
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

7. Fig. 6
Neuronal network of the pelvic nerve and the pudendal nerve on the sacral level of S2–S4 and their interaction by short inhibitory neurons.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

8. Fig. 7 Central pathways of micturition. IC: inferior colliculus.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

9. Fig. 8 Central pathways of continence. IC: inferior colliculus.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

10. Fig. 9
Pressure–volume curve with filling cystometry of the urinary bladder: high compliance at the functional bladder capacity. Low terminal compliance at maximal anatomical bladder capacity.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )

11. Fig. 10
Micturition: synergic relaxation with decrease of the intraurethral pressure during detrusor contraction.
EAU Update Series 2003 1, DOI: ( /S (03) )