1. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
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2. How many bones do you think make up the adult human skeleton?96
164
206
250+
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Protects our major organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells (ref:
Allows for movement

3. Where is the longest bone located? Thigh (femur) Upper Arm (humerus)
300 bones at birth. Over time, several bones fuse (such as in the skull and lower part of the vertebral column).
Where is the longest bone located?
Thigh (femur)
Upper Arm (humerus)
Pelvis
Lower leg (tibia)
The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, accounting for about 14 percent of total body weight.
Humans start life with more bones than that— about 300 bones at birth. Over time, several bones fuse as growth takes place (such as in the skull and lower part of the vertebral column).

4. What Is the Human Skeleton?
Where is the smallest bone in our body located?
Hand
Foot
Spine
Ear
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The tiny stirrup bone found inside the ear is the smallest bone in the human body

5. 5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System
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Skull protects brain
Ribcage protects heart and lungs
Platelets are found in blood, they are not complete cells, but fragments of cells that regulate blood clotting

6. 5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System
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Skull protects brain
Ribcage protects heart and lungs
Platelets are found in blood, they are not complete cells, but fragments of cells that regulate blood clotting
Phosphorus – main function is formation of bones and teeth. Also needed for the body to make protein

7. Classification of Bones in the Human Body
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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8. The Five Basic Types of Bones
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9. The Structure of the Skeleton
The human skeletal system is generally divided into two main parts:
The axial skeleton
(orange)
The appendicular skeleton (green).
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10. The Axial Skeleton—80 Bones
Core muscles help stabilize and support the axial skeleton, thus providing proper posture and alignment.
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11. The Appendicular Skeleton—126 Bones
Includes the movable limbs and their supporting structures (girdles), which play a key role in allowing us to move.
Divided into six major regions:
pectoral girdle;
arms and forearms;
hands;
pelvis;
thighs and legs;
feet and ankles.
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12. All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks.
Bone Landmarks
All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks. Text p. 143
A landmarks are specific locations at which major muscles, ligaments, or other connective tissues attach to the bone
Can be a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures.
Eg. , quadriceps wrap around the patella (kneecap) and insert on the tibial tuberosity (a landmark at the top of the tibia).
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All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks.
A landmark is a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures.
For example, the quadriceps muscles of the front thigh ultimately wrap around the patella (kneecap) and insert on the tibial tuberosity (a landmark at the top of the tibia).

13. The Anatomy of a Long Bone
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14. Anatomy of a Long Bone
Cartilage
Allows smooth movement (articulation) within joints while protecting ends of bones
Periosteum
Periosteum fibres and those of ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or muscle to bone
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15. inside the shaft of the bone and filled with red & yellow marrow
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Medullary Cavity
inside the shaft of the bone and filled with red & yellow marrow
Red marrow –
Yellow marrow –
Cancellous bone (spongey bone)
Filled with marrow in small cavity-like spaces
Compact & cancellous bone strengthen with exercise
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Yellow marrow Produces fat, cartilage, and bone (

16. Consists of bony fibres running throughout the cancellous tissue
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Trabeculae
Consists of bony fibres running throughout the cancellous tissue
Density varies with type of bone and amount of stress it bears
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17. Anatomy of a Long Bone Compact Bone Epiphysis
At the ends of long bones
Outer surface made up of compact bone
Is the part that articulates with another bone covered with cartilage
Epiphyseal Plates (growth plates)
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18. Exterior layer of bones which is dense, smooth
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Cortex
Exterior layer of bones which is dense, smooth
Thickness varies depending on type of bone
Interior core consists of network of fibres (trabeculae) that mess with blood vessels and bone marrow
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19. Bone Injuries and Bone Disease
Fractures—bone “breaks,” normally divided into three types: simple, compound, and comminuted.
Simple Fracture 30

20. Bone Injuries and Bone Disease
Compound Fracture
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21. Bone Injuries and Bone Disease
Comminuted Fracture
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22. Bone Injuries and Bone Disease
Shin splints—a painful condition occurring on the medial or lateral side of the tibia (shin bone)—are another common sports injury.
Stress fractures—
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Shin splits lead to stress fractures if not taken care of properly

23. What cells make and break bone?
OSTEOPOROSIS
What cells make and break bone?
What are other things that contribute to healthy bones and bone growth?
What is osteoporosis?
What can be done to prevent it?

24. Bones of the Human Skull (Anterior View)
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25. Bones of the Human Skull (Lateral View)
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26. The Vertebral Column (Lateral View)
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27. The Thoracic Cage (Anterior View)
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28. Left Scapula (Anterior & Lateral Views)
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29. Left Scapula (Posterior View)
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30. Pelvis (Male, Anterior View)
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31. Right Femur (Anterior & Posterior Views)
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32. Right Fibula (Anterior & Superior Views)
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33. Right Foot (Superior View)
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34. Left Humerus (Anterior & Posterior Views)
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35. Left Ulna and Radius (Anterior View)
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36. Left Hand (Anterior View)
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