1. Epidemiological Factors Related with Recent Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Korea
Han Sang Yoo DVM, Ph.D.
Department of Infectious Diseases, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University,
Seoul , Korea

2. FMD? FMD? - Foot and Mouth Disease - Fast Moving Disease?
2010, 11, 29.
- 1st outbreak (Andong)
2011, 1, 24.
- 139th outbreak (Kimhae)

3. Genetic Diversity of FMDV
Serotypes
- O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia 1
- No cross immunity
Generation of new FMDV variants
- Mutation from error-prone RNA replication,
recombination, and host selection

4. Hosts All domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals
Cattle, pigs, goats, buffalo, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids.

5. Transmission Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals
Contact with contaminated objects; hands, footwear,
clothing, vehicles
Swill feeding, milk, artificial insemination
Inhalation of infectious aerosols
Airborne up to 60 km overland and 300 km by sea
Humans can harbor FMDV in their respiratory tract
for hours.

6. Lesions
Vesicles
Tongue, dental pad, gums, cheek, palate, lips, nostrils,
muzzle, coronary bands, teats, udder, snout of pigs,
and interdigital spaces
Myocarditis (tiger heart)
Gray or yellow streaking in the heart from
degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium

7. Clinical Signs in Cattle
Indicator of FMD: sick first, signs and lesions are severe
Pyrexia, anorexia, shivering, reduction in milk production
Drooling, lameness, kicking of the feet
- Caused by vesicles on buccal and nasal mucous
membranes and between the claws and coronary band
After 24 hours, rupture of vesicles leaving erosions
- Vesicles can also occur on the mammary glands
Recovery within 8-15 days

11. Clinical Signs in Pigs Amplifier of FMD
- Produce time more virus than cattle and sheep
- Produce a hundred million infectious doses per day
Pyrex
Severe foot lesions and lameness
Vesicles at pressure points on the limbs
Vesicular lesion on the snout
High mortality in piglets

14. Diagnosis Sample collection
- Epithelial tissues from an unruptured or recently
ruptured vesicles
- Esophageal-pharyngeal fluid
Antigen detection
- Antigen ELISA
- Virus isolation
- RT-PCR
- Electron microscopic examination
- Pen-side tests
Serological tests
- Virus neutralization test, ELISA, Complement fixation test

15. Control strategies in previous FMD outbreaks
Occurence
(22 days)
15 cases (only in
cattle)
- 6 cities in 3 provinces
- Serotype : O type
(52 days
16 cases (one in
cattle and 15 in pigs)
4 cities in 2
provinces
Serotype : Asian O1
type
(28 days)
6 cases (only in
2 cities in one
Serotype : A
(29days)
-11 cases (7 in
cattle and 4 in
pigs)
4 cities in 4
Control policy
Slaughter : 2,216
heads
Vaccination : 1,522,470 heads
Slaughter :
160,155heads
- No vaccination
Slaughther :
5,956 heads
49,874 heads

16. FMD outbreaks in
‘ : First report to local vet. service by farmer ; decide
as negative with pen-side Ab detection kit
‘ : Farmer reported again to NVQRS
‘ : First diagnosis in swine by NVQRS
‘ : Decide to vaccinate cattle ; Ring and regional
vaccinations (5 regions)
‘ : Start vaccination in cattle
‘ : decide to vaccinate in all cattles and pigs
‘ : Finish 2nd vaccination to all pigs and cattles
‘ : Slaugthered animals : >3.4 millions.
Vaccinated cattles and pigs : >13 millions

17. Outbreak of FMD in Korea ( 2010. 11- )
Hanwoo
Pig
dairy cattle
First outbreak in

18. Suspected Epidemiological Factors
Late detection of First case of FMD
- Use of pen-side antibody detection kit
- Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect, vesicle forming diseases
- Late control to move vehicles, pepoles, etc.

19. Suspected Epidemiological Factors
II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea
- Slaughtering system ; different location with raising
areas of animals
- Feed distribution system ; big companies covers
several places.
- Distribution system of livestock related materials ;
delivery men for semen and drugs, veterinarians,
consultants -> they visit several farms at same
day.

20. Raising Hanwoo · beef cattle in KoreaGW
231,599
North GS
597,692
South GS
328,115
South JL
500,761
North JL
332,917
South CC
394,020 GG
303,042 JJ
30,487
North CC
203,211
( )
Province
Number of cattles
North Gyengsang
597,692
South Julla
500,761
South Chungchung
394,020
North Julla
332,917
South Gyengsang
328,115
Gyunggi
303,042
Gangwon
231,599
North Chungchung
203,211
Jeju
30,487
Total
2,921,844

21. Distribution of beef slaughter house in Korea
(2010)
Province
Scale of slaughter
Number of Slaughter house
Gyunggi
289,389 14
South Gyengsang
118,631 10
North Gyengsang
88,718 11
South Julla
77,292
North Chungchung
54,096
South Chungchung
49,640 6
North Julla
35,997 9
Gangwon
35,213
Jeju
3,552 1
Total
752,528 81
GW (9)
35,000
GG (14)
289,000
North CC (10)
54,000
South CC (6)
50,000
North GS (11)
89,000
North JL (9)
36,000
South GS (10)
118,000
South JL (11)
77,000 JJ
3,500
Province (Number of Slaughter house)
Scale of slaughter

22. Raising pigs in Korea (Unit : Thousand pigs) GW 461 North GS 1,262
South GS
1,233
South JL
868 GG
1,879 JJ
502
North CC
574
South CC
1,900
North JL
1,201
( )
Province
Number of pigs
South Chungchung
1,900,327
Gyunggi
1,879,447
North Gyengsang
1,262,197
South Gyengsang
1,232,679
North Julla
1,200,632
South Julla
868,192
North Chungchung
574,050
Jeju
502,032
Gangwon
461,076
Total
9,880,632
(Unit : Thousand pigs)

23. Distribution of pork slaughter house in Korea
(2010)
GW (8)
744
Province
Scale of slaughter
Number of Slaughter house
Gyunggi
3,261,926 15
North Chungchung
2,358,969 11
South Gyengsang
1,977,017 12
South Chungchung
1,624,565 8
North Julla
1,457,021 10
North Gyengsang
1,446,917
South Julla
1,038,332
Gangwon
743,531
Jeju
721,101 1
Total
14,629,379 88
GG (15)
3,262
North CC (11)
2,359
South CC (8)
1,625
North GS (11)
1,447
North JL (10)
1,457
South GS (12)
1,977
South JL (12)
1,038
JJ (1)
721
Province (Number of Slaughter house)
Scale of slaughter

24. Distribution of feed plants in Korea
Province
Number of feed plants
Daily production capacity (M/T)
Gyunggi 17
6,824
North Julla 15
4,925
South Chungchung 11
3,371
South Gyengsang 10
3,280
North Gyengsang 5
2,070
North Chungchung
1,640
South Julla 4
1,190
Gangwon 3
900
Jeju 2
195
Total 72
24,395 GW 3 GG 17
North CC 5
South CC 11
North GS 5
North JL 15
South GS 10
South JL 4 JJ 2

25. Suspected Epidemiological Factors
III. Other factors
- Transportation system
- Weather in this winter
- Not enough Biosecurity systems in Korean farms
- Late slaughter of infected animals
- Late decision making in vaccination
- Shortage of FMD vaccine
- Korean cultures in farming areas
- Others

26. Suspected routes of transmission of FMD
cattle
Pig
transportation
of cattles
Transport
of manures
First outbreak
11.1.1
Transportation
: Feed, Rice straw
Transportation
: Feed, Rice straw, Animals etc.

27. Frozen preventive measures against FMD
Frozen Han river
Frozen preventive measures

28. Suspected Epidemiological Factors
I. Late detection of First case of FMD
- Use of pen-side antibody detection kit
- Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect.
II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea
- Slaughtering system
- Feed distribution system
- Distribution system in livestock related materials ; semen, drugs, veterinarians, consultants
III. Other factors
- Transportation system
- Weather in this winter
- Not enough Biosecurity system in Korean farms
- Korean cultures in farming areas