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Mechanical Energy and Vehicle Anatomy

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Presentation on theme: "Mechanical Energy and Vehicle Anatomy"— Presentation transcript:

1 Mechanical Energy and Vehicle Anatomy
3 Mechanical Energy and Vehicle Anatomy

2 Knowledge Objectives (1 of 2)
Discuss the three concepts of energy that are typically associated with injury. Describe the three collisions that occur during every motor vehicle collision. Explain the motor vehicle collision area of impact classifications. Describe the inner and outer components that make up a vehicle system.

3 Knowledge Objectives (2 of 2)
Discuss the various methods used to power vehicles. Explain the various types of steel designations. Describe the three forms of frame systems. Describe the various types of vehicle glass.

4 Introduction An integral part of the extrication process:
The application of energy in relation to a motor vehicle collision The anatomical parts of a vehicle system

5 Energy (1 of 6) Energy is transferred between parts of a system.
Capacity for doing work Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Mechanical energy is the force behind vehicle collisions.

6 Energy (2 of 6) Two types of energy Kinetic energy—energy of motion
Based on weight and velocity Kinetic energy=mass/2 x velocity2 Potential energy—the energy of position or stored energy

7 Energy (3 of 6) Work is a mechanism for the transfer of energy.
Energy is transferred to an object and the object is displaced. Applied in two ways: Positive–in the direction of travel Negative–against the direction of travel

8 Energy (4 of 6) Work can be extreme or lessened by:
Stored potential energy Speed of travel Weight of vehicles Whether brakes are used Vehicle construction Courtesy of Mark Woolcock

9 Energy (5 of 6) Newton’s First Law of Motion:
Objects at rest stay at rest Objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. Traumatic injury occurs when the body’s tissues are exposed to energy levels beyond their tolerance.

10 Energy (6 of 6) Mechanism of injury (MOI) describes the forces acting on the human body that cause injury. The same release of energy that occurs during a vehicle collision occurs in the human body. The human body will experience a positive and negative work force.

11 Vehicular Collision Classifications (1 of 9)
Collisions are classified by initial impact. Front impact Lateral impact Rear-end Rollovers Rotational (spins) Vehicle collisions consists of three collisions.

12 Vehicular Collision Classifications (2 of 9)
Vehicle impact with object Damage to the vehicle can give clues about severity of the accident and occupant injuries. © Jack Dagley Photgraphy/ShutterStock, Inc.

13 Vehicular Collision Classifications (3 of 9)
Occupant impact with vehicle Energy of the passenger’s mass and velocity is converted into the work of stopping the body Reduced if passenger is wearing a seatbelt or airbag is deployed Injuries may be immediately apparent

14 Vehicular Collision Classifications (4 of 9)
Occupant organs impact solid structures of the body Organs can impact back and forth several times. Injuries may not be obvious, but they can be life-threatening. Initial impression can help direct lifesaving care.

15 Vehicular Collision Classifications (5 of 9)
Front impact collisions Vehicle strikes an object head-on. Vehicle travels under object Vehicle travels over object MOI should consider the restraint systems.

16 Vehicular Collision Classifications (6 of 9)
Rear–end collisions Cause whiplash injuries May also cause acceleration-type injury to the brain © Crystalcraig/Dreamstime.com

17 Vehicular Collision Classifications (7 of 9)
Lateral (side–impact) collisions Limited protection for occupants High level of fatalities Lateral whiplash injuries © Sylvie Bouchard/ShutterStock, Inc.

18 Vehicular Collision Classifications (8 of 9)
Rollovers Large trucks and SUVs most prone Injuries vary depending on use of restraints. Ejection is common, life-threatening injury Courtesy of Darian Russo, North Lauderdale Fire Rescue

19 Vehicular Collision Classifications (9 of 9)
Rotational collisions Conceptually similar to rollovers Rotation may cause secondary impacts

20 The Vehicle System The rescuer should:
Understand the inner and outer components of a vehicle system. Know the basic parts that make up various vehicles. Not improvise!

21 Vehicle Classifications (1 of 3)
DOT classifies vehicles based on whether the vehicle transports passengers or commodities. Passenger vehicles: manufactured for the purpose of transporting passengers DOE classifies vehicles by size in cubic feet (passenger and cargo) and gross weight.

22 Vehicle Classifications (2 of 3)

23 Vehicle Classifications (3 of 3)
Vehicle identification number (VIN) 17-character sequence of letters and numbers All vehicles manufactured in the United States and many other countries are required to have them. Normally etched on a plate Each alphanumeric designation has a specific meaning.

24 Vehicle Propulsion Systems (1 of 3)
Conventional-type vehicles Use internal combustion engines (ICE) for power Burn petroleum-based fuels and alternative fuels Fuel tanks are constructed of steel or aluminum Pounds per square inch (psi) describes pressure Amount of pressure exerted over an area of equaling one square inch

25 Vehicle Propulsion Systems (2 of 3)
Hybrid vehicles Combine two or more power sources for propulsion Usually a high-voltage electrical system and an internal combustion engine Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles Electrochemical devices that use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity

26 Vehicle Propulsion Systems (3 of 3)
Electric-powered vehicles Use an electric motor for propulsion Powered by batteries in a rechargeable battery pack Recharge through dedicated charging station or plug-in house current

27 Electricity (1 of 3) Most ICEs use a basic 12-volt lead acid battery for starting and powering electrical components. Hybrids, fuel cells, and electric vehicles also use a 12-volt lead acid battery. Advanced electrical design

28 Electricity (2 of 3) Some vehicles use more than one 12-volt battery.
A 12-volt lead acid battery system consists of six cells in an electrolyte solution. Chemical reaction with lead plates Produces electrons that flow through conductors When overcharged without proper venting, an explosive by-product can be generated.

29 Electricity (3 of 3) Other main sources of power: Alternator
Belt-driven generator Produces current used to operate electrical components Voltage regulator Regulates the flow of electricity from the alternator

30 Steel (1 of 3) Manufacturers are always working to make their vehicles more fuel efficient, lighter, stronger, and crash-resistant. Ideas come from the racecar industry. “Safety cage”—protects occupants from rollovers and other impacts Conventional vehicle designs are becoming obsolete.

31 Steel (2 of 3) Steel is measured by tensile strength and yield strength. Tensile strength measures the amount of strength required to tear a section of steel apart. Yield strength is the amount of force or stress that a section of steel can stand before permanent deformation occurs.

32 Steel (3 of 3) Alloyed steels—mixture of metals and elements.
World Steel Association classifications: High Strength Steel (HSS) –tensile strength of 39 to 102 ksi Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) –tensile strength of 102 ksi or greater Advanced High Strength Steel –minimum tensile strength of 73 ksi to 116 ksi

33 Frame Systems (1 of 4) Body–over–frame construction
Body is placed onto a frame skeleton. Ladder frame Used for heavier vehicles Force distribution is greater on the occupants

34 Frame Systems (2 of 4) Unibody construction One piece
No formal frame structure Body is merged with chassis.

35 Frame Systems (3 of 4) Unibody construction (cont’d)
Incorporates crumple zones Potential to be split in half in a severe collision

36 Frame Systems (4 of 4) Space frame construction
Designed for the auto racing industry High price keeps it from being mass-produced Can be driven in its skeleton form

37 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (1 of 13)
Bumper system Helps vehicle withstand impact of a collision Federal regulations require that a bumper be able to withstand front or rear impact collision at 2.5 mph Several different types of bumper systems

38 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (2 of 13)
Upper rail Located on front top section of the vehicle Two beams hold the hood in place and attach the front wheel strut system to the chassis

39 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (3 of 13)
Strut tower Component of the suspension system Dash bar Steel bar that runs the entire width of the car. Dash brackets are located in the center console.

40 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (4 of 13)
Rocker panel Channel that runs along the outermost sections of the floorboard where the doors rest. Hollow section of metal Little structural support

41 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (5 of 13)
Key components of a door Door hinges—allows doors to swing Hinges come in various types Leaf system Full body hinge

42 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (6 of 13)
Key components of a door (cont’d) Swing bar assists the door in opening and closing.

43 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (7 of 13)
Key components of a door (cont’d) Latching mechanisms Nader bolt—difficult to cut through U-bolt—easier to cut through.

44 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (8 of 13)
Key components of a door (cont’d) Impact beam Entire length of the door Absorbs impact energy of another vehicle or object.

45 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (9 of 13)
Roof Posts add vertical support to the roof. A-post Closest to windshield Layers of steel or aluminum Expose and examine for SRS.

46 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (10 of 13)
B-post Located between front and rear doors Standard seat belt harness includes a shoulder and lap belt. Pretensioner belt system pulls back and tightens when activated by a collision.

47 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (11 of 13)
B-post (cont’d) Automatic seat belt system uses a shoulder harness that slides into place automatically. Areas may be reinforced with HSS.

48 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (12 of 13)
C-post Rear post in most vehicles Can be wide or narrow Air bag cylinders may be present

49 Vehicle Anatomy and Structural Components (13 of 13)
Piston struts Assist in lifting and support of vehicle components Locations vary. Cutting the cylinder section can cause a rapid release of pressure or hydraulic fluid. Vehicle fires are a concern.

50 Vehicle Glass (1 of 4) Laminated safety glass
Created by heating a layer of clear plastic film between two layers of plate glass. Prevents the glass from flying in on the occupant. Window spidering is caused when an object breaks it.

51 Vehicle Glass (2 of 4) Tempered safety glass
Glass is heated and then quickly cooled Breaks into small pieces with no long shards (dicing)

52 Vehicle Glass (3 of 4) Enhanced protected glass (EPG) Polycarbonate
Uses both the laminating and tempering process Used on side and rear windows Polycarbonate Clear plastic material that can endure impacts Pliable on impact More and more manufacturers now use it

53 Vehicle Glass (4 of 4) Ballistic glass Bullet-resistant glass
Weight and thickness depends on level of protection Not advised to remove or cut into this material.

54 Summary (1 of 3) Three concepts of energy are associated with injury: potential energy, kinetic energy, and work. Motor vehicle collisions are classified by the area of initial impact. Every motor vehicle collision is actually three collisions. A rescuer must understand the inner and outer components of a vehicle system before attempting a rescue.

55 Summary (2 of 3) The Department of Transportation (DOT) classifies vehicles based on whether they transport passengers or commodities. The Department of Energy (DOE) classifies vehicles by size and gross weight. Most vehicles on the road today are conventional-type vehicles, using an internal combustion engine (ICE) for power.

56 Summary (3 of 3) The development of strong, crash-resistant vehicles requires engineers and the steel industry to develop stronger and lighter steels. Two types of frame systems (body-over-frame and unibody) are most common in today’s vehicles. Several key components make up the body of the vehicle. The technical rescuer can encounter several different types of glass in a vehicle.


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