1. From solvent-free microspheres to bioactive gradient scaffolds
Morteza Rasoulianboroujeni, MSc, Mostafa Yazdimamaghani, MSc, Payam Khoshkenar, MSc, Venkata Raveendra Pothineni, PhD, Kwang Min Kim, PhD, Teresa A. Murray, PhD, Jayakumar Rajadas, PhD, David K. Mills, PhD, Daryoosh Vashaee, PhD, Keyvan Moharamzadeh, PhD, Lobat Tayebi, PhD 
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 
Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages (April 2017)
DOI: /j.nano
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
SEM images of prepared microspheres: the spherical shape (A and B) and the presence of TiO2 on the surface (C and D) can be easily seen.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
SEM images of interconnected porous structure (A and B) and pore size gradient (C and D) of the prepared scaffolds.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Micro-CT images of different cross-sections of the scaffold with small (microspheres of 75–150μm) (A), medium (microspheres of 150–300μm) (B) or large (microspheres of 300–425μm) (C) pore size. Binary images (D-F) and pore outlines (G–I) has been produced using ImageJ software. The pore size gradient can be seen from top to bottom.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
SEM images and EDX analysis of the scaffolds before (A) and after immersion in SBF for 1 (B), 3 (C), 7 (D) and 14 (E) days.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
FTIR spectra of the samples before (A) and after immersion in SBF for 1 (B), 3 (C), 7 (D) and 14 (E) days.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
SEM micrographs of the precipitated mineral on the scaffolds after 7days of immersion in SBF: Thickness of up to 10μm (A and B), hemispherical particles of 2–5μm in diameter grown on the surface (C) and possible nucleation sites of calcium phosphate precipitate (D) could be seen.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
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8. Figure 7
Quantitative demonstration of calcium (dark pattern) and phosphate (light pattern) biomineralization (A) along with SEM images of osteoblasts covering the surface of the scaffolds (B and C); anchoring projections between microspheres (D and E); secreting minerals (F); penetrating in depth of the scaffold (G).
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 8
Schematic representation of PDLA-water emulsification through TiO2 nanoparticles.
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

10. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.nano )
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