1. Includes the Archae and Eubacteria Domains
Most numerous organisms on Earth

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BACTERIA:
Most numerous organisms on Earth
1st forms of life on Earth
All are prokaryotic
General Traits of all prokaryotes:
Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Unicellular (separate or in a colony)
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Are microscopic
300 side by side = printed period
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3. Bacteria is found EVERYWHERE…
Air
On and in
our body
fFood
Soil
On all objects

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Deep
Ocean
430,000 year old bacteria found in a fresh water lake in Antarctica
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Some bacteria are:
1. Aerobic
-requires oxygen
2. Anaerobic
-lives in the absence of oxygen
Example:
-Clostridium botulinum
-Causes botulism / food
poison
-found improperly canned foods, meat and shell fish
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Cell wall:
-made up of Peptidoglygcan
(protein/carb combo)
protects and gives shape
to cell.
-antibiotics inhibit bacteria from forming cell walls so future bacteria can be destroyed by your immune system
Cell wall
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Cell membrane:
-regulates what goes into and out of the cell
-contains enzymes that aid in all cellular reactions
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
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Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Outer covering that is sticky. Allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and prevents WBC’s from engulfing them.
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Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm:
-liquid solution which suspends DNA and ribosomes
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10. instructions to make all proteins
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Ribosomes:
-uses DNA’s
instructions to make all proteins
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Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
DNA:
-genetic material
-1 loop of DNA
-known as the
nucleoid
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Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
Plasmid
Plasmid:
-found in some
bacteria
-small loops of
DNA
-code for extra
but not
essential traits.
Ex/ antibiotic
resistence
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Sex pili:
-short proteins which bacteria use to pick up plasmids from environment or from another bacteria cell
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
Plasmid
Sex pili
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Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
Plasmid
Flagella:
-1 or more long
whip like tails used for movement.
Sex pili
Flagella
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15. Movement

16. Classifying Prokaryotes
E. coli, a Typical Eubacterium
Ribosomes
Capsule
Cell Membrane
Cell wall
A bacterium such as E. coli has the basic structure typical of most prokaryotes: cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some prokaryotes have flagella that they use for movement. The pili are involved in cell-to-cell contact. The cell walls of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan.
Flagellum
DNA
Pili
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17. Bacteria produce a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and some of its cytoplasm during unfavorable growth conditions.
Spores can remain dormant for months or yrs.
Spores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions. (extreme heat, lack of moisture, etc…)
Endospores
It is actually hard to kill a bacteria cell because of this ability to form an endospore. Bad for us but Good for the bacteria!!!

18. Ideal Reproductive/Growth Conditions
Warm and darkness
Food and moisture
-moisture
-warmth
-food source
-darkness
Ideal warm, dark and moist environment with plenty of food?
The human body

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Bacteria can be:
1. Heterotrophic
-uses other organisms as a food source.
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2. Saprophytic:
-live off dead matter
-bacteria is the #1 decomposer
3. Autotrophic:
-makes their own food through
photosynthesis.
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21. Binary fission Reproduction Binary Fission
Bacteria copies its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells.
Form of asexual reproduction
Takes about 20 min. in bacteria.
Binary fission

22. Conjugation 
During conjugation, a hollow bridge made up of the sex pili forms between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to the other.

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Transformation:
When bacteria use their sex pili to pick up DNA from their environment.
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25. The GOOD…….. Oil eating bacteria To make food To make medicines
Sewage treatment
#1 decomposer

26. Makes us sick/causes illnesses
The BAD………..
Makes us sick/causes illnesses
STD’s: Gonorrhea, Syphilis
Chlamydia,
Other diseases like Botulism, Lymes Disease, Pinkeye, Tuberculosis and Pneumonia

27. How to slow or stopped bacteria? Dehydration
Refrigeration
Freezing
Slow/ temporally stop with endospore
Slow/ temporally stop with endospore
Kills it!!
Heat: canning, cooking, sterilization
Antiseptics
Antibiotics
Kills it!!
Kills it!!
Used on surfaces
Used internally

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You go to the doctors with a sore throat……………..now what happens???? How is a bacterial infection diagnosed?
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29. The doctor has to classify the bacteria to know how to treat it.
1. The doctor cultures/grows the bacteria.

30. Identifying Prokaryotes
2. The doctor determines the shape of the bacteria.
Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©David Scharf/Peter Arnold, Inc.
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31. Identifying Prokaryotes
Spherical prokaryotes are called cocci.
Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited
Coccus or Cocci
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32. Rod-shaped prokaryotes are called
bacilli or bacillus.
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33. Identifying Prokaryotes
Spiral and corkscrew-shaped
prokaryotes are called spirilla.
Prokaryotes can be identified by their shapes. Photo Credit: ©Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Spirilla or Spirillium
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34. Strept mean grows in a long chain.3.
The
doctor
determines
the
colony
formation:
Staph means grows in a cluster

35. Can you identify these bacteria?
Steptococcus
Staphococcus

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4. The doctor stains the bacteria.
Two different types of cell walls are found in Eubacteria. A method called gram staining tells them apart.
Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls inside an outer lipid layer.
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Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan.
-stains purple
-produces exotoxins
-released during life of bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls inside an outer lipid layer.
-stains pink
-produces endotoxins
-released after bacteria dies
Each type treated with different antibiotics
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