1. Chapter 4: Muscular System
Mrs. Spearman
Medical Terminology

2. Objectives
1. I can describe the functions and structures of the muscular system.

3. Functions of the Muscular System
Hold the body erect and make movement possible.
Muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm.
Move food through the digestive system.
Aids the flow of blood through veins

4. Organs of the Muscular System
600 Muscles
tendons

5. Types of Muscles There are 3 types of muscles: Skeletal Muscles
Smooth Muscles
Myocardial Muscles

6. Skeletal Muscles Attach to bones Also known as voluntary muscles
Voluntary means we have conscious control of these muscles
Also known as striated muscles
Muscles appear striped under the microscope

7. Smooth Muscles Also known as involuntary or unstriated muscles
Involuntary means we do not have conscious control over the muscles.
Smooth muscles are found in the hollow digestive and urinary systems

8. Myocardial Muscles Also known as cardiac muscles
This muscle is involuntary also.
Found in the heart

9. Objective I can identify and define terms related to muscle movements.
I can identify medical specialist associated with the Muscular System.

10. Abduction vs. Adduction
Abduction—movement of a limb away from the midline
Adduction—movement of a limb toward the midline

11. Arm Flexion vs. Extension
Flexion—bending a limb at its joint
Extension—straightening of a limb at a joint

12. Leg Flexion and Extension

13. Rotation vs Circumduction
Rotation – circular movement in which limb rotates on an axis.
Circumduction – Circular motion in which limb traces out the shape of a cone.

14. Pronation and Supination
Pronation – turn wrist so palm faces (down) posteriorly
Supination – turn wrist so palm faces (up) anteriorly
Can also be done with entire body
Face down = Prone
Face Up = Supine

15. Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion – ankle movement that bends the foot upward
Plantar flexion – ankle movement that bends the foot downward (Point Toe)

16. Write It! The _________ muscles are under voluntary control.
Turning of the hand so the palm is upward is __________________.
___________ is pointing the toes.
______________ is bending the arm at the elbow.
______________ is moving the arm toward the midline.

17. Write It!
The _____________ and __________ muscles are under involuntary control.
Turning your head from left to right is known as ________________.
Turning the palm face down is know as __________________.

18. Medical Specialties
Exercise physiologist—coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote fitness
Neurologist– a physician that treats paralysis and muscular disorders
Physiatrist (physical therapist)—a physician specialize in physical medicine and rehabilitation
Rheumatologist—a physician treats arthritis and connective tissue disorders

19. Sports medicine physician—treats sports- related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles.

20. Objective
I can identify and define terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedure of the muscular system.

21. Tendon—attaches a muscle to bone

22. Pathology of the Muscular System
Tenodynia or tenalgia– pain in a tendon
Tendinitis—inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive use of a joint
Fibromyalgia syndrome—condition characterized by fatigue and/or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain

23. Muscle Disorders
Atrophy--muscle weakness or wearing away of muscles due to disuse of muscle
Myalgia (myodynia)—pain in the muslces
Myocele– herniation (protrusion) of a muscle through a tear in the tissues surrounding it
Myolysis—degeneration of muscle tissue

24. Muscle Disorder cont. Myomalacia—abnormal softening of a muscle
Myorrhexis—rupture or tearing of a muscle
Polymyositis—inflammation of the many muscles

25. Muscle Atrophy

26. Myocele

27. Myorrhexis

28. Muscle Tone (tonus) Tonic—pertaining to a muscle
Atonic—pertaining to lack of normal muscle tone or strength
Dystonia—a condition of abnormal tone that causes impairment of voluntary movement
Hypertonia—a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
Hypotonia—a condition of reduced tone of the skeletal muscles

29. Voluntary Muscle Movement
Ataxia—inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement because of brain issues
Dystaxia—mild form of ataxia
Spasm—sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
Cramp—muscle spasm named for its cause such as heat cramp or writer’s cramp
Spasmodic torticollis—”wryneck” stiff neck due to muscle spasm in neck

30. Muscle Function Bradykinesia—extreme slowness in movement
Dyskinesia—distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a spasm
Hyperkinesia—abnormally increased muscle function or activity
Hypokinesia—abnormally decreased muscle function or activity

31. Myoclonus
Myoclonus—sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Nocturnal Myoclonus—jerking of the limbs that can occur while a person is falling asleep
Singultus—hiccups; myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm