1. Concussions:
AND CRANIAL NERVES:

2. What is a Concussion?
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when a blow or jolt to the head disrupts the normal functioning of the brain. Some athletes lose consciousness after a concussion, but others are just dazed or confused. A concussion is usually caused by a blow to the head, but can also occur due to whiplash.

3. Facts about Concussions:
Twenty percent of all concussions are sports-related
A concussion doesn’t always knock you out
Having one concussion increases your chances of having another
Symptoms of a concussion can last hours, days, weeks, months, or indefinitely
Returning to contact or collision sports before you have completely recovered from a concussion may lead to more serious injury and can increase your chances of long-term problems
10% of all contact sport athletes sustain a concussion

4. Concussion Signs: SIGNS: (Observed by coach, parent, etc…)
Change in appearance: Looks stunned or dazed
Shows behavioral or personality changes
Forgets plays he/she normally knows
Confusion
Slow to respond to questions
Forgets what happened before (retrograde) the play
Forgets what happened after (antrograde) the play

5. Concussion Symptoms: SYMPTOMS: (reported by the athlete) Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Ringing in Ears
“Don’t feel right”
Blurred vision or double vision
Feeling “Dazed”
Fatigue/Low Energy/tired
Difficulty concentrating
Sensitivity to Light or noise
Memory Problems
Sleep Disturbances/Trouble Sleeping

6. Evaluation:
Now that you have noticed some signs and symptoms of a concussion...How can you check for a concussion?

7. 12 Cranial Nerves: To get started just remember...
One Orange Octopus Took Two Apples From A Giraffe’s Very Secret Hideout!

8. 12 Cranial Nerves: 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Occulomotor 4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Auditory
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accesory
12. Hypoglossal

9. Cranial nerve functions:
Olfactory: smell
Optic: vision
Occulomotor: pupil dilation
Trochlear: eye movement
Trigeminal: chewing/jaw movement
Abducens: eye movement

10. Cranial nerve functions:
Facial: facial movements
Auditory: hearing and equilibrium
Glossopharyngeal: swallowing
Vagus: breathing and speech
Spinal Accesory: shoulder movement
Hypoglossal: tongue movement

11. Treatment:
Now that you have determine that the athlete does have a concussion...what do you do next?
CIF regulations:
athlete must be removed from competition
athlete must see a doctor

12. Second Impact Syndrome:
An athlete that sustains a concussion is 4-6 times more likely to sustain a second concussion.
Second impact syndrome can occur if a second concussion is sustained prior to the first concussion healing.
Second concussion usually sustained with little force.
50% Mortality Rate

13. Return to Play:
No exertional activity until asymptomatic at rest and with mental exertion. (This can take anywhere from Days or longer to become fully asymptomatic)
Then begin progressive return to play steps:
Step 1:
Light aerobic exercise such as walking or stationary bike, etc.
No resistance training
Step 2:
Sport specific exercise may begin

14. Return to play: Step 3: Non contact training Step 4:
Full contact training in practice session
Step 5:
Return to competition

15. ImPACT Testing:
ImPACT stands for Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing
It looks at different functions of the brain such as memory, brain processing speed, reaction time, attention as well as post- concussive symptoms
This system takes the guess work out of when it is safe for an athlete to return to play