1. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

2. What is a community?
Many species living closely together, so that they interact with each other.
What is a species?

3. Interspecific Interactions
Interaction between 2 or more species that use the same resource
Competition must occur:
interference competition - actual fighting occurs
interspecific competition - consumption or use of similar resource

4. Competitive Exclusion Principle

5. What is meant by an
ecological niche?

6. Fundamental / Realized Niches

7. Resource Partitioning of Lizards

8. Character Displacement
Among the Galapagos Finches

9. Symbiosis
Close association between two species

10. Clownfish Among Sea Anemone’s Tentacles

11. Cleaning Symbiosis

12. Mutualism Between Ants
and Acacia Tree

13. Commensalism Between Ox
Peckers and Cape Buffalo

14. Commensalism

16. Parasitism

17. Camouflage in the Anglerfish

18. Anti-predator Defenses
Swallowtail Butterfly
Larva
Anti-predator Defenses
South
American
Lantern
Fly

19. Batesian Mimicry
Hawk Moth
Larva
Green Parrot
Snake

21. Müllerian mimicry: Cuckoo bee (left), yellow jacket (right)

22. Mimicry Among Insects Batesian (a, b, c); Mullerian (d, e)
Flower Fly
Longhorn Beetle
Moth
Yellowjacket
Bumblebee

23. Aposematic Coloration

24. Nudibranch

25. Chemical Defense and Aposematic coloration are seen here:

26. Cryptic coloration is seen here

28. Deceptive Coloration: Moth with “Eyeballs"

29. Parasites are also +/- Symbiotic Interaction
Endoparasites
Ectoparasites
Parasitoids - insects (usually wasps) that lay eggs on other insects and larvae feed on the host.

30. Plant Defenses Against Predators:
What defense is seen here?
Other Defenses:
Chemicals that cause plant to taste bad

31. Interspecific Interactions:
What is coevolution?

33. What factors will be the most significant in determining the structure of a community?

34. Species Diversity
Combination of two factors:
1) Richness - number of different species
2) Relative Abundance - number of individuals in each species

35. Trophic Structure
The different feeding relationships between organisms
According to the “rules of ten,” approximately 10% of the potential energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules at one trophic level fuels the growth and development of organisms at the next trophic level.

36. Trophic Structure Five examples: 1. Primary Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Tertiary Consumers
5. Decomposers and Detrivores

37. Primary Producers: grass (10,000 KCAL)
Trophic Structure
Tertiary Consumer: snake (10 KCAL)
Secondary Consumer: mouse (100 KCAL)
Primary Consumer: grasshopper
(1,000 KCAL)
Primary Producers: grass (10,000 KCAL)

38. Species with a Large Impact
Dominant Species
Keystone Species

39. Keystone Species

41. Sea Otters as Keystone
Predators

42. Disturbances Influence Species Diversity and Composition
Ex: Succession – predictable changes that occur in community over time

43. primary succession - soil never formed before
secondary succession - existing community was disturbed and returned to original state.

44. Lichens
Moss
These are classic pioneer
species.

45. Lichens

46. Moss With Sporophytes
Gametophytes

47. Large-scale Disturbance: Eruption of Mount St. Helens

48. Patchiness and Recovery Following a Large-Scale Disturbance

49. Secondary Succession
Eventually
a climax
community
usually
results.

50. Community that remains essentially the same over long periods of time.
Climax Community
Community that remains essentially the same over long periods of time.
It is the final stage of ecological succession.

51. Name the three types of
symbiotic relationships.