1. UNIT 11 Chapter 32 – NIXON, FORD, CARTER Chapter 33 – THE CONSERVATIVE REVOLUTION
THE 1970’s & 80’s

2. America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 32: Nixon, Ford, Carter
Section 1: Nixon’s Domestic Policy
Section 2: Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Section 3: The Watergate Scandal
Section 4: The Ford Administration
Section 5: The Carter Administration

3. Presidents of the United States
George Washington; Federalist (1788)
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
James Madison (1808)
James Monroe (1816)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
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Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)
Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)
Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)
John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)
Richard Nixon; Republican (1968)
Gerald Ford; Republican (1974)
Jimmy Carter; Democrat (1976)

4. Chapter 32 SECTION 5 The CARTER ADMINISTRATION
Jimmy Carter’s human rights diplomacy brought notable accomplishments in foreign policy, but his inability to work efficiently with Congress blocked the success of his domestic rights programs

5. Carter’s Presidency
Although Gerald Ford had the advantage of being the incumbent, or current office holder, he faced strong opposition from Republicans inside his own party during the 1976 presidential election.
Democrat James Earl (“Jimmy”) Carter won the election by a narrow margin.
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He was well-liked for his informal approach to the presidency.
In his early years he was a peanut farmer in Georgia
Became Governor of Georgia in 1970
Deeply religious
Got rid of many formalities of the President

6. FIGHTING CONGRESS
Carter had no national political experience and lacked an ability to win reluctant politicians over to his side.
As a Georgia governor he had no ties to Washington and therefore had trouble finding allies to pass legislation
His staff, mostly southerners from Georgia, had little sense of how crucial it was to work with Congress
Some complained about a lack of dignity for the presidency
However, as President, Carter appointed more women and minorities to his staff than previous administrations.
He chose 4X as many women to federal judge positions than all previous Presidents combined
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7. Domestic Policies Economic Issues Deregulation
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Economic Issues
Carter had inherited an unstable economy in which inflation and unemployment continued to grow.
In response, Carter cut federal spending, mostly on social programs. This cut angered liberal Democrats.
As bond prices fell and interest rates rose, Americans lost confidence in Carter and his economic advisors.
Deregulation
Carter felt that government controls on certain industries, put in place in the 1800s and early 1900s, hurt competition and increased consumer costs.
Carter urged deregulation: reducing government controls. He argued regulations hurt competition and increased costs
This affected the railroad, trucking, and airline industries.
This move, which continued during the next two administrations, also angered many Democrats.

8. Energy Issues
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Carter’s Energy Plan — To save on rising oil prices, Carter asked Americans to conserve fuel in their homes, cars, and businesses.
He also created a new Cabinet department, the Department of Energy.
States that produced oil and gas fiercely opposed Carter’s conservation plans. One of Carter’s goals was to seek alternative energy sources.
The National Energy Act, passed in 1978, incorporated many of Carter’s directives to find new energy sources.
A partial meltdown of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, eroded people’s confidence in nuclear power.
Disaster:

9. Civil Rights
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Carter’s concern for moral values influenced his civil rights actions.
Carter granted amnesty, or a general pardon, to those who had evaded the draft during the Vietnam War.
Many of Carter’s staff appointments won the approval of African Americans.
Affirmative action policies, which aimed to make up for past discrimination against women and minorities, were a controversial issue during Carter’s presidency.
In the case University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that race could factor in school admissions but numerical quotas could not be used.

10. Foreign Policy
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In 1978, Carter brought Egyptian President Anwar el- Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin together for negotiations at Camp David.
The resulting framework for Middle East peace, known as the Camp David Accords: was an important step toward peace in the Middle East.
TERMS: Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt became the first Arab country to recognize Israel officially.

11. U.S. – SOVIET TENSION
Although détente was at a high point when Carter took office, by the end of his term it was effectively dead.
Soviets were angered by Carter’s support of Soviet dissidents, writers and other activists who criticized the actions of their government.
Although a second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) was begun, the resulting treaty was never ratified. Still, both nations followed its terms.
In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to bolster a Soviet supported government there.
Carter called the invasion “a clear threat to the peace” and took steps to show disapproval of the Soviet aggression.
In protest, Carter imposed a boycott on the 1980 summer Olympic Games to be held in Moscow.
Sixty other nations eventually joined the boycott.
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12. The Hostage Crisis
In January 1979, revolution broke out in Iran, replacing its pro-American shah, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlevi, with Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an anti-Western leader.
When Carter allowed the displaced shah to enter the United States for medical treatment, angry Khomeini followers seized the American embassy in Tehran, Iran’s capital.
52 Americans were taken hostage in Iran for 444 days in anger of the former shah entering the U.S.
Carter’s failed attempts to secure the hostages’ freedom decreased his popularity.
This made his chances for reelection appear slim.
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13. The 1980 Election
By the end of Carter’s term, his administration had lost the confidence of many Americans.
Although Carter ran for reelection, the nation instead chose conservative Republican candidate Ronald Reagan by a landslide.
In early 1981, following months of secret talks, Iran agreed to release the hostages.
President Reagan sent Carter to greet the hostages as they arrived at a U.S. military base in West Germany.

14. The Carter Administration Assessment
Why was Carter in favor of deregulation?
(A) His energy conservation plan called for it.
(B) He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.
(C) He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.
(D) Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.
Which of the following marked an end to American- Soviet détente?
(A) The signing of the Camp David Accords
(B) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread boycott of the Olympic Games
(C) The Iranian seizure of the American embassy in Tehran
(D) The ratification of the SALT II treaty

15. The Carter Administration Assessment
Why was Carter in favor of deregulation?
(A) His energy conservation plan called for it.
(B) He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.
(C) He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.
(D) Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.
Which of the following marked an end to American- Soviet détente?
(A) The signing of the Camp David Accords
(B) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread boycott of the Olympic Games
(C) The Iranian seizure of the American embassy in Tehran
(D) The ratification of the SALT II treaty