1. Green revolution in India1 1

2. Green Revolution Background
The world's worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943 in British-ruled India. Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India (that included today's Bangladesh).
With the partition of India in 1947 and a consequent influx of refugees, the demand for food increased. Also, this rise in demand could be attributed to population growth. At the same time, the domestic food production was not sufficient to cover this surge in food demand. Therefore, at that time there was a pressing need to make India self-sufficient in food. This led to the Green Revolution in  India.

3. Green Revolution
The term "Green Revolution" is applied to the period Between 1947 to 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not much successful and were largely concentrated on expanding farming areas.
However, Green Revolution focused on increasing yield. Therefore, in India’s context, the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, increased use of fertilizers, mechanized farming, and irrigation after 1965 are collectively known as Green Revolution.
This resulted in increase in production of foodgrains, especially wheat and rice, thereby making India self-sufficient in food grains.

4. Green Revolution
The program in India, was started with the help of the United States-based Rockefeller Foundation and was based on high-yielding varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in the Philippines. Dr. Norman Burling was the father of green revolution (witnessed in 1943) in Mexico. He was also the guiding force behind India’s green revolution (1960’s). Of the high-yielding seeds, wheat produced the best results. Production of coarse grains- maize, bajra, jowar, millets and ragi, as well as pulses did not benefit from the green revolution.

5. Three basic elements of Green Revolution
(1) Continued expansion of farming areas;
(2) Double-cropping (having two crops per year);
(3) Use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.

6. Advantages of Green Revolution
The Green Revolution resulted in a record foodgrain output of 131 million tons in This established India as one of the world's largest agricultural producers. India also started exporting food grains.
Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 per cent between 1947 to 1979, when the Green Revolution was considered to have delivered its goods.
Crop area under HYV varieties grew from seven per cent to 22 per cent of the total cultivated area during the 10 years of the Green Revolution.

7. Advantages of Green Revolution
Industrial growth in fertilizer, pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals created new jobs and contributed to the country's GDP.
5) India paid back all loans it had taken from the World Bank and its affiliates for the purpose of the Green Revolution. This improved India's creditworthiness in the eyes of the lending agencies.
6) Good crops as a result of green revolution lead to economic prosperity of the farmer.

8. Some statistics on Indian Agriculture
Agriculture - a backbone of Indian economy
Provides employment to around 60 % workforce of the country
Share of Agriculture in National Income (GDP), prices:
Note: Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
Source: Economic Survey
Year
Agriculture (% of GDP)
56.5 46 34
24.7
17.8 8

9. Some statistics on Indian Agriculture
India’s Agricultural production
Source: Economic Survey
This increase in agricultural production in India after is mainly a result of green revolution.
Foodgrains (m. tonnes) 51 89
176
230
Rice (m. tonnes) 21 39 74 99
Wheat (m. tonnes) 6 12 55 78
Oilseeds (m. tonnes) 5 9 19 28
Sugarcane (m. tonnes) 57
122
241
289
Cotton (m. bales) 3 7 23 9

10. Limitations of Green revolution in India
The fruits of Green revolution were mainly witnessed in Punjab, Haryana, Western U.P. and some select districts of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Further, its success has been limited to wheat, rice, and maize. India has failed to extend the concept of green revolution to all crops or to all regions.
Indian agriculture – still a gamble of monsoons;
Use of HYV seeds and higher agricultural output requires heavy investment in seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and water (tube wells), and farm equipment (tractors, harvesters etc.). These investments are beyond the capacity of small and medium farmer. Therefore, the green revolution has mainly benefited large capitalist farmers.

11. White revolution in India11 11

12. White revolution in India
In India, Gujarat and Rajasthan had excess production as compared to local consumption of milk. In 1970, the National Dairy Development Board initiated activities like milk collection from villages and towns, milk chilling centres, processing plants, veterinary centres, and strengthened the milk cooperative movement based on Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL). This was done through Operation Flood, with aid from the Food and Agriculture Organisation. This ushered White Revolution in India, making it the world's largest milk producing country.

13. White revolution in India
Dr Verghese Kurien was the Father of the White Revolution in India.
Dr. Kurien set up GCMMF (Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation) in 1973 to sell milk & milk products produced by the dairies. Today GCMMF sells AMUL brand products not only in India but also overseas.

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