1. Cell Structure and Function I

2. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells.
2. New cells are produced from existing cells
3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

3. Cell Exploration Light Microscopes Living organisms can be seen
Light limits the resolution so extremely small things like proteins and viruses cannot be observed

4. Cell Exploration High resolution video technology
Allows scientists to see time elapsed movies of cells as the grow, divide and develop.

5. Cell Exploration Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs)
Can see more detain and extremely small structures
Beams of electrons must pass through ultra-thin sliced samples therefore no living things can be seen

6. Cell Exploration Scanning Electron Microscope (SEMs)
Beams of electrons scanned over the surface of a specimen
Produces a 3D image
Samples must be chemically preserved and removed of all water so no living things can be seen.

7. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no nucleus and very few organelles. DNA is not contained
Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants and animals) larger,more complex,DNA is inside the nucleus

8. Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells
Both plant and animal cells contain a variety of organelles. Some structures are specific to either plant cells or animal cells only.
Only plant cells contain:
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuoles
Only animal cells contain:
Centrioles

11. Smooth ER vs. Rough ER
Rough ER - ribosomes on the ER make proteins, the ER modifies the proteins
Smooth ER - makes lipids

12. Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts
Mitochondria make energy from chemicals (food molecules)
Chloroplasts make energy from light through photosynthesis

13. Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments Maintains shape
Involved in cell movement

14. Endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
DNA is free floating
Cell membrane
Contain DNA

15. Cell Structure and Function II

16. Cell Wall Provides support and protection for plant cell walls
Made of porous cellulose so it does not regulate what enters and leaves

17. Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides support and protection
Structure – lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

18. Diffusion through Cell Boundaries
Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
No energy is required

19. Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

20. Is this really Osmosis???

21. Isotonic "ISO" means the same
Concentration of solutes (salts) is the same inside and outside of cell.
Water flows in and out in equal amounts
No effect on cell

22. Hypertonic “Hyper” means more
Concentration of solutes is more outside the cell than inside
Water flows out of cell
The cell shrivels and may die.
This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water
This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.

23. Hypotonic "HYPO" means less
Concentration of solutes is less outside the cell than in.
Water flows in
The cell swell with water and becomes “turgid”

24. Active Transport Carried our by protein pumps found in the membrane
Energy is required

25. Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules move through protein channels.
No energy required

26. Endocytosis
Cell takes material into cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Phagocytosis – eating – cell engulfs large particles
Pinocytosis – drinking – cell takes in liquid
animation/animation.htm

27. Exocytosis
Cell releases large
amounts of material

28. Cell Specialization
The cells in multicellular organisms can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

29. Levels of Biological Organization
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
DNA
Atoms