1. 3 Technological Revolution in 21st Century
Bio Tech.
Information
Tech.
Revolution by
Identification of
Genome Sequence
Digital Revolution
Nanotech.
Matls. Revolution by Manipulating
Atoms and Molecules q
No Revolution of IT and BT without the Support of NT
IT(Intelligent) → realized by nanochips
BT →realized by manipulating genome at nano -level
20th Century: Micro →21st Century: Nano Era !!!

2. What is Nanotechnology?
National
Nanotechnology
Initiative - Leading to
the Next Industrial Revolution
"My budget supports a major new National
Nanotechnology
Initiative, worth $500
million. the ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level. Imagine the
possibilities: materials with ten times the strength of steel and only a small fraction of the
weight -- shrinking all the information housed at the Library of Congress into a device the
size of a sugar cube -- detecting cancerous tumors when they are only a few cells in size.
Some of our research goals may take 20 or more years to achieve, but that is precisely
why there is an important role for the federal government." --
President William J. Clinton
January 21, 2000
California Institute Of Technology
Def.: the creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control
of matter on the nanometer (1-100 nm ) length scale, and exploitation of
novel properties and phenomena developed at that scale.
1 nm is equal to 100 thousandth of the diameter of human hair.
20th century is micro era but 21st century is Nano era. Almost all areas of
industrial sectors will be influenced by this technology including electronics,
biology, machinery, life science, environment, agriculture , transportation and
national security.

4. What is Nanotechnology?
Present Tech. → Visible
Nanotech. → Invisible
Nano :
Dwarf in Greek

5. History of Nanotechnology
☞ 1952; Never experiment with just one electron, atom or molecule.
-Schrodinger(Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933)
☞ 1959; No physical limitations to arranging atoms the way we
want. -Feynman(Nobel Prize for Physics in 1965): All of
the information in the world can be written in a cube of one
200th inch
☞ 1981; Discovering STM(scanning tunneling microscopy) allows
engineering operations on single atoms or molecules.
-Binnig & Rohler (Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986)
☞ 1985; Discovery of C60(Fullerene)
-Smalley (Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1996)
☞ 1985; Conceptual design of controlling electron one by one.:SET
(single electron transistor)-Likharev (Moscow State Univ.)
☞ 1990; Positioning 34 xenon atoms on a Ni surface by STM at 4K.
-Eigler(IBM)
☞ 1991; Discovery of carbon nano tube.-Iijima (NEC)

6. Why Nanotechnology? ☞ Scaling limitation of semiconducting transistors
☞ Exhaustion of natural resources: Gasoline→40 years, Natural gas→60 years, Coal→230 years, Water → Now
☞ Pollution of environment
☞ Explosion of world population: Present→6 billion, 2025→8.5 billion; aged society and aging problem
★ Increasing population increases the demand for technology
★ Energy for PC increases 100 % per year→ PCs in 2010
consume the energy equal to the today’s total power generation
in U.S.(3625 billion KWh)

7. What is special about nanotechnology?
Miniaturization is of interest
Less space, faster, less material, less energy l
More importantly: Novel properties/ phenomena/ processes
New physical/chemical/biological/mechanical characteristics by scaling down
Length and time scales of phenomena ~ those of the structure
Engineered molecules & structures, beyond nature
Increased level of complexity and speed l
Transcendent effects: at the confluence of steams
Manufacturing directly with basic building blocks of matter
Disruptive technology
First technology area producing breakthrough by interdisciplinary
360 recycle

8. ◎ Characteristics of Nanostructure ◎
Mechanical Property
Electrical Property
Macro/
Micro
Nano
Macro/
Micro
Nano
Force N N
Breakdown
Strength
<105 V/cm
<108 V/cm(DC)
<107 V/cm(AC)
Pressure
GPa
GPa
Hardness
for Cu
0.5 GPa
2.5 GPa
(6nm)
Current
Density
106 A/cm2
108 A/cm2
Strain rate
Sensitivity
0.015
0.035
Transport
Diffusion
Ballistic
Tunneling
Eigen
Frequency
Hz - MHz
MHz-THz
Numbers
Mega/Giga
Tera/Peta

9. Fabrication of Nanostructure
☞ Top down: Chiseling of bulky structure into nanostructure
by utilizing litho. and etching(Semiconductor)
★ exquisitely precise but too expensive
☞ Bottom up:
Physical → Synthesis and assembly of organic and inorganic
structure atom by atom and molecule by molecule
using SPM etc.,
★ laborious
Biological/Chemical → Growing from nano level structure into
bulky structure by following programmed
instructions : mimicking biological systems
★ technologically difficult but if successful, great
impact on the fabrication process

10. Scope of Scope of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology 1 m m(1000nm) nm 0000
Scaling-down of
semicond .
Manipulation of atoms/molecules
one by one
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
in a narrow sense
in a narrow sense
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
in a broad sense
in a broad sense

11. Expectation from Expectation from Nanotech Nanotech . . Sustainable
Matls .
Devices -
Near net shape
Medicine -
Supercomputer
-Self-repairing
materials
-Drug delivery
with
Nanochip
system -
Flexible FPD
-Artificial tissue
Sustainable
Development
Space
National Security -
Armed warplane -
Micro spacecraft
without pilot
-Super heat -
resistive coating
-New conceptual
weapons
Energy/Environment
-Elimination of
Life Sci.
pollutants by robot -
Nano
-bio
-Solar cell (40%) -
Molecular motor

12. Chances for Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is unavoidable
First come and dominate the market
A treasury of technologies influencing all the
industries
Ability to create too many ventures

13. Dangers for Nanotechnology
Too much and premature expectations
Afraid of being hobby projects due to studying
unknown and unforeseen for a long period of time
False visions of the technology(Drexler)
Dwarfmanagement of the unforeseen technology