1. Introduction to Technology Infrastructure
Chapter 1
Introduction to Technology Infrastructure

2. Announcements and Outline
Class Outline
1.Introduction to Networks
1.1 Network Types/Technologies
1.2 Layering and Packetization 2

3. Why Networks are Important
Data, data, data! Modern organizations rely on the efficient transmission of data Enables distributed systems, real-time communication, electronic commerce, social media, and the Web

4. Data Communications
Data Communications is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission systems Telecommunications is a broader term and includes the transmission of voice and video (images and graphics) as well as data and usually implies longer distances

5. Basic Network Components
Client is a user device to access network and receive data from server
e.g., desktops, laptops, tablets, cell phones, etc.
Server is a device that stores and transmits data to a client
e.g., Web server, mail server, file server
Circuit is a pathway or connection between client and server
e.g., copper wire, fiber optic cable, wireless

6. Network Types/Technologies6

7. Network Types/Technologies
Local Area Networks (LAN) Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) Backbone MAN WAN 7

8. Network Layers Most Commonly Used Models:
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model)
Network Model
Protocols & Protocol Data Unit (PDU) 8

9. Network Layers (Network Model)9

10. Network Layers – Packetization
Packetization is
breaking down user data into small segments
packaging these segments appropriately so that they can be delivered and reassembled across the network
*From Agarwal – Business Data Communications 10

11. Network Layers – 5 Important Data Comm. Tasks

12. Network Layers APPLICATION LAYER Software used by the users
Common Examples:
Protocols:
PDU: 12

13. Network Layers TRANSPORT LAYER End to end management Responsibilities:
(1) Link Applications Layer
Segmenting and Tracking
Session Management 13

14. Network Layers
TRANSPORT LAYER (cont.) Protocols: PDU: 14

15. Network Layers NETWORK LAYER Decides where the messages should go
Functions:
Addressing
Routing
Protocol:
PDU: 15

16. Network Layers DATA LINK LAYER
Moves messages from one computer to the next
Functions:
Controls Hardware
Formats Messages
Error Checking
Protocol:
PDU: 16

17. Network Layers PHYSICAL LAYER Hardware that transmits the message
Protocols:
PDU: 17

18. Network Layers - Summary
Purpose
Example Protocols / Standards
PDU
5. Application
User’s access to network, software to perform work
HTTP, SMTP, DNS, FTP, DHCP, IMAP, POP, SSL
Packet (or Data)
4. Transport
End-to-End Management
Link application layer to network
Segmenting and tracking
Flow control
TCP, UDP
Segment
3. Network
Deciding where the message goes
Addressing
Routing
IP, ICMP
Packet
2. Data Link
Move a message from one device to the next
Controls hardware
Formats the message
Error checking
Ethernet
Frame
1. Physical
Transmits the message
100BASE-T, n 18

19. Sender PDU Receiver HTTP Request HTTP Request TCP HTTP Request TCP
Application
Packet
Transport
Segment
Network
Data
Link
Frame
Physical
HTTP
Request
HTTP
Request
TCP
HTTP
Request
TCP
HTTP
Request IP
TCP
HTTP
Request IP IP
TCP
HTTP
Request
Ethernet
Ethernet IP
TCP
HTTP
Request
Ethernet IP
TCP
HTTP
Request

20. Network Layers Standards
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) – develops US standards
Formal Standardization Process
Internet technology standards are publicly available as Requests For Comment (RFCs)
Highly recommended standards
HTTP:
TCP:
IP:
TCP/ IP tutorial:
Domain names: 20

21. Pros and Cons of using Layers
Advantages: Disadvantages: 21

22. Trends
Bring your own device (BYOD) Internet of Thing (IoT) Massively Online (MOOCS)

23. Recap Network Types 1.1 Network Types LAN WLAN Backbone WAN
1.2 Network Layers
Network Model
Standards
Pros/Cons 23

24. Tuesday Chapter 2 – Application Layer Hardware Software Architecture
Web 24