0. Return and Risk: The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Chapter 11
Return and Risk: The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

1. Key Concepts and Skills
Calculate expected returns
Understand covariances, correlations, and betas
Describe the impact of diversification
Explain the systematic risk principle
Plot the security market line
Comprehend the risk-return tradeoff
Utilize the Capital Asset Pricing Model

2. Individual Securities
The characteristics of individual securities that are of interest are the:
Expected Return
Variance and Standard Deviation
Covariance and Correlation (to another security or index)

3. Expected Return, Variance, and Covariance
Consider the following two risky asset world. There is a 1/3 chance of each state of the economy, and the only assets are a stock fund and a bond fund.

4. Expected Return

5. Variance

6. Standard Deviation

7. Covariance
Deviation compares return in each state to the expected return.
Weighted takes the product of the deviations multiplied by the probability of that state.

8. Correlation

9. Correlations Interactive WSJ

10. The Return and Risk for Portfolios
Note that stocks have a higher expected return than bonds and higher risk. Let us turn now to the risk-return tradeoff of a portfolio that is 50% invested in bonds and 50% invested in stocks.

11. Portfolios
The rate of return on the portfolio is a weighted average of the returns on the stocks and bonds in the portfolio:

12. Portfolios
The expected rate of return on the portfolio is a weighted average of the expected returns on the securities in the portfolio.
Or, alternatively,
9% = 1/3 (5% + 9.5% %)

13. Portfolios
The variance of the rate of return on the two risky assets portfolio is
Note that variance (and standard deviation) is NOT a weighted average. The variance can also be calculated in the same way as it was for the individual securities.
where BS is the correlation coefficient between the returns on the stock and bond funds.

14. Portfolios Observe the decrease in risk that diversification offers.
An equally weighted portfolio (50% in stocks and 50% in bonds) has less risk than either stocks or bonds held in isolation.

15. The Efficient Set Definition:
The efficient set, or efficient frontier, is a graphical representation of a set of possible portfolios that:
Minimize risk at specific return levels; and,
Maximize returns at specific risk levels.

16. The Efficient Set
100% stocks
100% bonds
Note that some portfolios are “better” than others. They have higher returns for the same level of risk or less.

17. Portfolios with Various Correlations
Relationship depends on correlation coefficient
-1.0 < r < +1.0
If r = +1.0, no risk reduction is possible
If r = –1.0, complete risk reduction is possible
return
100% stocks
 = -1.0
 = 1.0
 = 0.2
100% bonds 

18. The Efficient Set for Many Securities
return
efficient frontier
minimum variance portfolio
Individual Assets P
Consider a world with many risky assets; we can still identify the opportunity set of risk-return combinations of various portfolios. The section of the opportunity set above the minimum variance portfolio is the efficient frontier.

19. Impact of a Riskless Security
return
CapitalMarket Line
100% stocks
Balanced fund rf
100% bonds 
In addition to stocks and bonds, consider a world that also has risk-free securities like T- bills. Now investors can allocate their money across the T-bills and a balanced mutual fund.

20. Risk: Systematic Risk factors that affect a large number of assets
Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk
Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.
CREDIT CRISIS!

21. Risk: Unsystematic Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets
Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk
Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.

22. Diversification and Portfolio Risk
Diversification can substantially reduce the variability of returns without an equivalent reduction in expected returns.
This reduction in risk arises because worse than expected returns from one asset are offset by better than expected returns from another.
However, there is a minimum level of risk that cannot be diversified away, and that is the systematic portion.

25. Diversifiable Risk
The risk that can be eliminated by combining assets into a portfolio
Often considered the same as unsystematic, unique, or asset-specific risk
If we hold only one asset, or assets in the same industry, then we are exposing ourselves to risk that we could diversify away.

26. Total Risk Total risk = systematic risk + unsystematic risk
The standard deviation of returns is a measure of total risk.
For well-diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very small.
Consequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is essentially equivalent to the systematic risk.

27. Portfolio Risk and Number of Stocks
In a large portfolio the variance terms are effectively diversified away, but the covariance terms are not. 
Diversifiable Risk; Nonsystematic Risk; Firm Specific Risk; Unique Risk
Portfolio risk
Nondiversifiable risk; Systematic Risk; Market Risk n

28. Risk When Holding the Market Portfolio
Researchers have shown that the best measure of the risk of a security in a large portfolio is the beta (b)of the security.
Beta measures the responsiveness of a security to movements in the market portfolio (i.e., systematic risk).
Clearly, your estimate of beta will depend upon your choice of a proxy for the market portfolio.

29. Estimating b with Regression
Characteristic Line
Security Returns
Slope =bi
Return on market %
Ri = a i + biRm + ei

30. Risk and Return (CAPM) Expected Return on the Market:
Expected return on an individual security:
Market Risk Premium
This applies to individual securities held within well-diversified portfolios.

31. Expected Return on a Security
This formula is called the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Expected return on a security =
Risk-free rate +
Beta of the security ×
Market risk premium
Assume bi = 0, then the expected return is RF.
Assume bi = 1, then

32. Relation Between Risk and Return

33. Relationship Between Risk & Return
Expected return b
1.5

34. Summary statements regarding risk and return for a portfolio.
The expected return on a portfolio is always a weighted average of the expected returns on the portfolio's components.
The risk of a portfolio's return, as measured by standard deviation, is generally less than the weighted average of the risks of the portfolio’s components.
Risk generally declines when new assets are added to a portfolio. Risk declines more:
The lower the new asset's standard deviation,
The lower the correlations between the new asset's payoffs and payoffs to the various existing assets.
Beta measures the amount of Portfolio Risk