1. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. Chemistry and the Elements
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Chemistry and the Elements
Elements like #114, Uuq or ununquadium, have placeholder chemical symbols and names. These elements have yet to be officially named.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

3. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

4. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Periods: 7 horizontal rows.
Groups: 18 vertical columns.
International standard: 1-18
US system: 1A-8A, 1B-8B
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

5. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Main Groups
columns 1A-2A (2 groups)
columns 3A-8A (6 groups)
Transition Metals: 3B-2B (8 groups, 10 columns).
Inner Transition Metals: 14 groups between 3B and 4B.
lanthanides
actinides
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

6. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Metals: Left side of the zigzag line in the periodic table (except for hydrogen).
Nonmetals: Right side of the zigzag line in the periodic table.
Semimetals (metalloids): Tend to lie along the zigzag line in the periodic table.
While some semimetals are semiconductors, not all semiconductors are semimetals.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

7. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Alkali Metals
The book has some nice pictures to show for these next four slides.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

8. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Alkaline Earth Metals
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

9. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Halogens
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

10. Elements and the Periodic Table
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Elements and the Periodic Table
Noble Gases
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

11. Some Chemical Properties of the Elements
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Some Chemical Properties of the Elements
Intensive Properties: Independent of sample size.
temperature
melting point
Extensive Properties: Dependent on sample size.
length
volume
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

12. Some Chemical Properties of the Elements
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Some Chemical Properties of the Elements
Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.
Chemical Properties: Characteristics that do involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.
Chemical properties and chemical changes are synonymous.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

13. Experimentation and Measurement
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Experimentation and Measurement
Système Internationale d´Unités
The US is officially on the metric system but it’s voluntary.
All other units are derived from these fundamental units.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

14. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
For numbers greater than or equal to 1000 and less than or equal to it’s common to use scientific notation.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

15. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Measuring Mass
Mass: Amount of matter in an object.
Matter: Describes anything with a physical presence—anything you can touch, taste, or smell.
Weight: Measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

16. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Measuring Length
Meter
1790: One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North pole along a meridian running through Paris, France.
1889: Distance between two thin lines on a bar of platinum-iridium alloy stored near Paris, France.
1983: The distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
Alder, Ken; The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World; The Free Press, Simon and Schuster, Inc; 2002.
A fascinating account of the original definition of the meter.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

17. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
One degree Fahreheit is 100/180 = 5/9 the size of a degree Celsius or a kelvin.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

18. Measuring Temperature
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Measuring Temperature
°C + 32 °F
9 °F
5 °C
°F =
(°F - 32 °F)
5 °C
9 °F
°C =
The offset from Kelvin to Celsius is exact.
K = °C
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

19. Derived Units: Measuring Volume
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Derived Units: Measuring Volume
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

20. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

21. Derived Units: Measuring Density
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Derived Units: Measuring Density
Density is temperature-dependent.
solids- cm3
liquids- mL
gases- L
Typical volume units
density =
volume
mass
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

22. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Accuracy: How close to the true value a given measurement is.
Single measurement: percent error
Series of measurements: average
Precision: How well a number of independent measurements agree with each other. Characterized by the standard deviation.
A relatively low standard deviation means good precision while a relatively high standard deviation means poor precision.
Proper equipment calibration can help ensure accuracy while the operator can help ensure precision (for one example).
Darts are commonly used for one example. I also like to discuss bowling and how it relates.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

23. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Mass of a Tennis Ball
good accuracy
good precision
The assumption is that the analytical balance is properly calibrated.
The data only varies in the fourth decimal place.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

24. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Mass of a Tennis Ball
good accuracy
poor precision
The data varies in the first decimal place. While the accuracy is reasonable compared to the analytical balance, the precision is not.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

25. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Mass of a Tennis Ball
poor accuracy
poor precision
The bathroom scale is not something one would want to use for scientific measurements!
It is possible to have good precision and poor accuracy. An instrument calibrated improperly, for example.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

26. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Significant figures: The number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity. They come from uncertainty in any measurement.
Generally the last digit in a reported measurement is uncertain (estimated).
Exact numbers and relationships (7 days in a week, 30 students in a class, etc.) effectively have an infinite number of significant figures.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

27. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 1 2 4 3 cm
1.7 cm < length < 1.8 cm
length = 1.74 cm
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

28. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
4.803 cm 4 SF
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

29. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders).
g 3 SF (or 6.61 x 10-3 g)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

30. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders).
Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant.
K 5 SF
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

31. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right):
Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders).
Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant.
Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point may or may not be significant.
Use scientific notation in these cases when reporting the results of calculations.
34,200 m ? SF
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

32. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Math rules for keeping track of significant figures:
Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers.
3 SF
11.70 gal
278 mi
= 23.8 mi/gal
4 SF
These rules are approximations that work well. A proper analysis would be a more detailed look at error analysis and is often done in a first quarter physical chemistry class for chemistry majors (or something similar).
3 SF
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

33. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Math rules for keeping track of significant figures:
Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers.
Addition or subtraction: The answer can’t have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers.
2 decimal places
5 decimal places
3.18
3.19
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

34. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers.
= 5.66
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

35. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers.
If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
= 5.7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

36. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers.
If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up.
Books sometimes use different rules for this one.
= 5.665
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

37. Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Rounding Numbers
Rules for rounding off numbers:
If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers.
If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left.
If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up.
If the digit you remove is a 5 with nothing following, round down.
If there were zeros following that last 5, the rule is the same. =
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

38. Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
Dimensional analysis: A method that uses a conversion factor to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to an equivalent quantity in a different unit.
Conversion factor: States the relationship between two different units.
original quantity x conversion factor = equivalent quantity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

39. Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
Relationship:
1 m = in
39.37 in
1 m
1 m
39.37 in
Conversion factor: or
converts
in to m
converts
m to in
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

40. Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
Chapter 1: Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
5/7/2018
Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another
69.5 in
39.37 in
1 m x
= 1.77 m
starting quantity
equivalent quantity
conversion factor
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.