1. Bayu Wijasena KESELAMATAN & KESEHATAN KERJA FKM UNDIP
COGNITIVE ERGONOMIC
Bayu Wijasena
KESELAMATAN & KESEHATAN KERJA
FKM UNDIP

8. Factors influencing risk acceptance

9. Schematic of French, Rogers and Cobb’s theory of person-environment (PE) fit

15. Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke manusia/ pekerja
DISPLAY & CONTROL
DISPLAY
Peristiwa yang memberi informasi tentang keadaan yang sedang / sudah terjadi
Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke manusia/ pekerja
Baik bila : cepat, tepat dan sensitif

16. Desain Display
Kecepatan, ketepatan & sensitivitas maksimal
Kesalahan alat minimal
Jarak diplay dan pemakai optimal
Tipe Display
Berdasar sifat
Gambar : TV, gambar
Simbol : speedoeter, thermometer

17. Berdasar fungsi
Kualitatif : membedakan kondisi on-off, buka tutup
Kuantitatif : jarum, digital
Berdasar tampilan
Dial : petunjuk & skala
Indikator : tanpa jarum
Warning device

18. The four “cardinal rules” for displays are:
Give information which is essential for adequate job performance.
Information only as accurately as is required for the operator’s decisions and actions.
Present information in the most direct, simple, understandable and usable form.
Failure or malfunction of the display itself will be immediately obvious.

19. Macam Display
1. Visual Display :
kualitas, kuantitas maksimal; dikotomi; compatibility; coding
Contoh : TV, speedometer
2. Auditory Display
menarik, berbeda dengan yang lain
Contoh : sirene, bel

20. 3. Tactual Display
memanfaatkan getaran & impuls listrik
Contoh : Braile, knob
4. Olfactory Display
alat tanda bahaya/ peringatan
menggunakan gas
Prinsip umum : sederhana, tepat, efektif, menarik, mudah dimengerti, format pas

21. LABEL & WARNING

22. Table 29.13. Guidelines for labels
Orientation
A label and the information printed on it shall be oriented horizontally so that it can be read quickly and easily. (Note that this applies if the operator is used to reading horizontally, as in Western countries.)
Location
A label shall be placed on or very near the item that it identifies.
Standardization
Placement of all labels shall be consistent throughout the equipment and system.
Equipment
functions
A label shall primarily describe the function (“what does it do”) of the labelled item.
Abbreviations
Common abbreviations may be used. If a new abbreviation is necessary, its meaning should be obvious to the reader.
The same abbreviation shall be used for all tenses and for the singular and plural forms of a word. Capital letters shall be used, periods normally omitted.
Brevity
The label inscription shall be as concise as possible without distorting the intended meaning or information. The texts shall be unambiguous, redundancy minimized.
Familiarity
Words shall be chosen, if possible, that are familiar to the operator.
Visibility and
legibility
The operator shall be able to be read easily and accurately at the anticipated actual reading distances, at the anticipated worst illumination level, and within the anticipated
vibration and motion environment. Important factors are:
contrast between the lettering and its background; the height, width, strokewidth, spacing and style of letters; and the specular reflection of the background, cover or
other components.
Font and size
Typography determines the legibility of written information; it refers to style, font, arrangement and appearance.
Source: Modified from Kroemer, Kroemer and Kroemer-Elbert 1994
(reproduced by permission of Prentice-Hall; all rights reserved).

24. Penggunaan warna
merah
kuning

28. CONTROL
Transmisi informasi pengendalian ke alat
Tipe informasi
a. tenaga kecil : diskret (push-button, switch); kontinyu (knob, joystick)
b. tenaga besar : diskret (pengungkit); kontinyu : foot pedal

29. Some examples of "detent" and "continuous" controls

30. Petunjuk Control
1. Sesuaikan anatomi & fungsi anggota tubuh. Jari dan tangan : cepat & ketepatan. Lengan & kaki : kekuatan
2. Mudah dijangkau dan dipegang serta leluasa dioperasikan
3. Jarak antar kontrol perhatikan anatomi; jari-jari > 15 mm, tangan 50 mm
4. Push button, switch, knob : tenaga kecil
5. Pengungkit, hand wheel : tenaga besar

31. Locate for the
ease of
operation
Controls shall be oriented with respect to the operator. If the operator uses different postures (such as in driving and operating a backhoe), the controls and their associated
displays shall move with the operator so that in each posture their arrangement and operation is the same for the operator.
Primary controls
first
The most important controls shall have the most advantageous locations to make operation and reaching easy for the operator.
Group related
controls
together
Controls that are operated in sequence, that are related to a particular function, or that are operated together, shall be arranged in functional groups (together with their associated
displays). Within each functional group, controls and displays shall be arranged according to operational importance and sequence.
Arrange for
sequential
If operation of controls follows a given pattern, controls shall be arranged to facilitate that sequence. Common arrangements are left-to-right (preferred) or top-to-bottom,
as in printed materials of the Western world.
Be consistent
The arrangement of functionally identical or similar controls shall be the same from panel to panel.
Dead-operator
control
If the operator becomes incapacitated and either lets go of a control, or continues to hold on to it, a “deadman” control design shall be utilized which either turns the system to a
non-critical operation state or shuts it down.
Select codes
appropriately
There are numerous ways to help identify controls, to indicate the effects of the operation and to show their status.
Major coding means are:
-Location-Shape-Size-Mode of operation- Labels
-Colours-Redundancy

32. Faktor penting desain
identifikasi
bentuk
ukuran
lokasi
warna
labeling

33. HUBUNGAN CONTROL & DISPLAY
Relative speeds of movement
Stereotyped reactions
National differences
Prinsip Desain Control Panel
1. Control dekat dengan display
2. Labelisasi pada display & control
3. Control berturutan : susun kiri ke kanan
4. Jika tidak urut : warna, label, knob

34. Schematic representation of an operations control panel

36. Actuating devices in the control gears for movable and stationary operational subsystems

40. Task Analysis
Describes the task
How and why it is undertaken
what skills and equipment are needed
What actions are required and their complexity
The time necessary for the task
Feedback mechanisms
Helps identify likely errors and hazards associated with the task

41. Aims of Task Analysis Understand the individual components of work
Understand the order and sequence of work
Evaluate in isolation or interactively the separate functions of a job
Evaluate the information or decision-making requirements of the work.

42. Figure The criteria and sub-criteria of the taxonomy of micro-worlds proposed by Brehmer (1990)

43. Types of Task Information Requirements
Description
Identification of subtasks
A listing of the activities involved with a task.
Grouping of subtasks
An organized, often hierarchical listing of the activities involved in a task.
Commonalities and interrelationships between subtasks
An indication of the extent to which subtasks have features in common and are linked to each other.
Importance or priorities of subtasks
Assessment of the criticality of subtasks.
Frequency of subtasks
Information on the relative frequency of occurrence of subtasks under different conditions.
Sequencing of subtasks
Information on the order of occurrence of subtasks under different conditions.
Decisions made in the execution of subtasks
Part of the sequencing may be based on a decision needed to choose the branch of activity and thus a given set of subtasks.
'Trigger' conditions for subtask execution
Execution of a subtask may depend upon the occurrence of a particular event or a decision made in during a previous task or subtask.
Objectives or goals of each subtask
A key feature of an analysis is the recording of the objectives of each subtask.
Performance criteria for each subtask
Recording of objectives may include statements about performance criteria.
Information required by each subtask
The items of information needed and their sources.
Information generated by each subtask
Information that the user inputs into the system.
Knowledge employed in making decisions
Information that the user utilizes in decision making.
Knowledge of system employed in performing subtasks
Understanding that the user has of how the system functions.

44. Potential Data Collection Methods
Description
Observation
Observe and record information about the worker performing job. May first observe the worker and subsequently ask the worker to provide verbal explanation while walking through the steps.
Interview
Ask the operator questions about job. Questions can be open-ended to learn more about the job. May conduct while worker is performing job or may do away from job site. Worker must know that the information collected will remain confidential and anonymous.
Focus group
Discussion with a group of typically 8 to 12 people, away from work site. A moderator is used to focus the discussion on a series of topics or issues. Useful for collecting exploratory or preliminary information that can be used to determine the questions needed for a subsequent structured survey or interview.
Existing documentation
Review any existing operating manuals, training manuals, safety reports, and previous analyses.
Checklist
Use a structured checklist to identify particular components or issues associated with the job. Available for a range of ergonomic issues, including workplace concerns, human-machine interfaces, environmental concerns.
Questionnaire
Use to collect systematically individual's views of a system or task. Questions should be structured, although can be open-ended.
Videotape
Tape the worker performing the job or specific tasks. Provides record of the job and ability to repeatedly study the tasks.

46. Accident summary as recorded by patient interview

48. Figure 29.2. Cognitive analysis of the task: general anaesthesia

49. Suggested Task Analysis Techniques for Equipment Design
Description
Hierarchical Task Analysis
A broad approach to task analysis used to represent relationship between tasks and subtasks. Documents system requirements and order in which tasks must take place. Useful to determine how the work should be organized to meet the systems goals. Applications range from taking a global look at a system to looking at specific details of a system, such as interface design.
Interface Surveys
A group of methods used for task and interface design to identify specific human factors problems or deficiencies, such as labeling of controls and displays. These methods require an analyst to systematically conduct an evaluation of the operator-machine interface and record specific features. Examples of these methods include control/display analysis, labeling surveys, and coding consistency surveys.
Link analysis
Used to identify relationships between components of a system. Provides a means to represent the nature, frequency, and/or importance of links between components within a system.
Operations sequence diagrams
Used to illustrate relations between personnel, equipment, and time. Identifies operations in the order in which they are carried out using standard symbols. Flowchart represents information flow and behavior rather than the observable process.
Timeline analysis
Set of principles rather than a precisely defined technique. Used to map operator's tasks along time to take into account task frequency, duration, and interactions with other tasks and personnel.

50. Name of organisation completing the work:
Job name:
Task:
Job number:
Principal contractor:
Job location:
Date the JSA was prepared:
Number of pages in this JSA:
This JSA has been reviewed by:
This JSA has been discussed with:
Principal Contractor or Representative (signature)
Employee/subcontractor (signature)
Position
Date
Item
Work activity
Hazard
Risk control
Persons responsible
Completion
Number
Break the job down into steps
What could harm someone?
What can be done to make
Who will make sure it
Date and signoff
the job safe?
happens?

51. Structure of accidents

52. The WEF model