1. AP Psychology Weekend Review
College credit here we come!

2. Perspectives/Approaches/Schools of thought
Humanistic – Rogers (UPR, active listening), Maslow (pyramid and self-actualization), reaching full potential
Cognitive –Piaget (kid development), Chomsky (language), Rotter (locus of control), Seligman (learned helplessness), Beck (CBT), thinking
Behavioral – Pavlov (dog), Skinner (schedule of reinforcement), Watson (little Albert), Thorndike (Law of Effect, cat), Bandura (Bobo doll observational), learned
Socio-Cultural – Zimbardo (prison and role taking), Milgram (shocking and unethical, obedience to authority), Asch (lines, conformity in groups), culture and groups
Biological – medications, surgeries, genetics, etc,
Psychoanalytic – (Psychodynamic), Freud (unconscious, defense mechanisms, id, ego, superego), Neo-Freudians (Adler- Inferiority complex and birth order, Horney- love from parents and insecurity, Erikson – psychosocial stages of development like trust vs. mistrust)
Evolutionary – Darwin and survival of the species ideas

3. Research Stuff Bell Curve Valid, Reliable Replication
Correlation vs. Exp.
IV vs. DV
Exp. vs. control group
Random Sample / Random Assignment
Confounding Variables
Controls (placebo effect)
Op. Def. of Variables
Correlation Coefficient
Measures of Central Tendencies
Measures of variability
Z score (Standard deviation)
Scatter Plot
Statistical Significance
Bell Curve
Valid, Reliable
Replication
Statistical Significance
APA guidelines

4. 2008 #2 Free Response
We conducted a variation of Ash’s (1951) conformity study in which participants made judgements about the length of lines. We randomly assigned participants to one of two conditions and told them that the study involved perceptual abilities. In the first condition, participants estimated the length of lines after hearing five people pretending to be participants (confederates) give inaccurate estimates. In the second condition, participants estimated the length of lines without hearing estimates of confederates. As we expected, participants in the first condition were less accurate in their estimates in line length, demonstrating the tendency to conform to majority influence. A. How would each element below be related to the specific content of the experiment reported in the abstract? • Control group • Deception • Operational definition of the dependent variable • Hypothesis • Debriefing B. How might participants’ estimates on line length in the study be related to the following? • Cognitive dissonance • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

5. Nature vs. Nurture
Biological vs. Enviornmental

6. Biology / Neurobiology
Neurotransmission(parts, action/resting potential, all-or-none, refractory period, reuptake, synapse)
Sensory / Motor neurons / Interneurons
Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
Endocrine System
Parts of Brain
Brain hemispheres
Brain imaging
Plasticity
Aphasia vs. agnosia
Split-Brain

8. Transmission

9. The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to (A) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon (B) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse (C) facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors (D) reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft (E) protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by enzymes

10. The occipital lobes contain (A) the primary visual cortex (B) the prefrontal cortex (C) the somatosensory cortex (D) the pons (E) sensory and motor connections to other brain regions

13. Endocrine System

14. Development Theorists Piaget Kohlberg Gilligan Erikson Harlow
Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Attachment (imprinting)
Critical Period
Habituation
Heritability
Maturation
Menarche / menopause
Longitudinal v. cross-sectional
Fluid v. Crystallized
Parenting styles
Gender identity, role, typing
Theorists
Piaget
Kohlberg
Gilligan
Erikson
Harlow
Ainsworth

16. Kohlberg and Moral Development

19. Ainsworth and the Strange Situation

20. According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?
(A) Sensorimotor (B) Preoperational (C) Symbolic (D) Concrete operational (E) Formal operational

21. The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby
The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles they learned from theories and research that address child development.
A. Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the following four researchers.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning
• Bandura’s social learning theory
• Ainsworth’s attachment research
• Baumrind’s research on parenting styles
B. Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories below to address the corresponding psychological concept.
• Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management
• Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior
• Ainsworth’s attachment research: self-reliance
• Baumrind’s research on parenting styles: self-esteem

22. Sensation Perception Bottom Up / top Down Absolute Threshold
JND / Weber’s Law
Trichromatic v. Opponent Process (theories on color)
Feature Detection (H&W)
Eye / Ear
Audition / Olfaction
Hue, pitch, intensity, amplitude
Place v. Frequency theory
Vestibular Sense
Kinesthesis
Sensory Adaptation
Gestalt
Binocular Cues
Monocular Cues
Perceptual Set
Selective Attention
Size / Color Constancy

24. A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? (A) Retinal disparity (B) Linear perspective (C) Motion parallax (D) Relative size (E) Texture gradient

25. A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? (A) Retinal disparity (B) Linear perspective (C) Motion parallax (D) Relative size (E) Texture gradient

26. Consciousness Sleep stages Sleep Disorders
Activation Synthesis v. Information Processing
Lucid Dreaming
Hypnosis
Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
Hidden Observer Response
Dissociation
Drugs: Withdraw, tolerance, Depressants, stimulants, hallucinagens

27. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all (A) hormones excreted by the endocrine glands (B) secretions of the exocrine glands (C) drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders (D) enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals (E) neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

28. In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? (A) Depressant (B) Narcotic (C) Psychoactive (D) Stimulant (E) Hallucinogen

29. Thinking and Language Concept / Prototype Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Insight
Trial and Error
Algorithm
Obstacles to Problem solving (Belief bias, perseverance, confirmation bias, mental set, mental rigidity, functional fixedness
Phonemes v. Morphemes
Linguistic Determinism
Syntax v. Semantics
Deep structure
Chomsky = nature
Critical period / LAD
Skinner = nurture
Observation, association, reinforcement

30. Zoey wants to buy a car but is having difficulty deciding what kind of car to buy. She is feeling anxious and wants to make a decision soon. Zoey visits several local car dealers and asks for the advice of several of her friends. Explain how each of the following could influence her decision. Be sure to discuss each concept in the context of Zoey’s decision.
Approach-avoidance conflict
Central route to persuasion
Heuristics
individualism
Rationalization
Self-efficacy
The autonomic nervous system
The foot-in-door phenomenon

31. Testing / Intelligence
Stanford-Binet IQ = MA / CA x 100 ( avg=100, SD=15)
Standardized Testing
Reliability / Validity
Pilot / norms of achievement
Achievement v. Aptitude
Savant Syndrome
Flynn Effect
Bell Curve
Factor Analysis
Theorists
Spearman- G Factor / Factor analysis
Gardner: Mult. Intelligences
Goleman- EQ
Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)

32. Motivation / Emotion
Drive-Reduction
Homeostasis
Push / pull factors
Arousal
Incentive
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Hunger
Lateral v. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Set Point / BMR
Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa
Sexual Motivation (Innitial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution)
Achievement Motivation
Theory X vs. Y
Conflicting motivations
Emotions
Facial expressions = universal
Catharsis
Feel good-do good
James Lange theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter’s Two-Factor theory

33. 2004 FR Question #1
James was the lead in the school play. It was opening night. Mr. Smith, the director, asked James if he was ready to go on and reminded him about a few last minute changes in the script.
A number of thoughts and feelings came over James as the curtain went up. James became anxious when he saw all the faces of the audience members. Then he saw his mother, who is a professional actress, sitting in the front row. James could not relax. At that instant, he saw his psychology teacher in the audience. He knew that he needed to use the concepts learned in his class to make sense of these thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.

34. Describe how each of the following concepts might help James give a strong performance.
State-dependent memory
Arousal theory
Positive reinforcement
Selective attention
Imagery
Social facilitation
Sensory adaptation

35. Stress Type A personality Type B personality
Type A + negative anger = heart disease
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment Rating Scale (numerical value on stress)

36. Abnormal Psychology Delusions / Hallucinations DSM V & changes
Psychiatrist v. Psychologist
2 weeks
Neuroticism (neurosis)
Psychotic (psychosis)
Delusions / Hallucinations
Disorders
Anxiety
Mood Disorders
Somatoform
Dissociative
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders

37. Therapy Key Figures / Terms Types of Therapy Psychoanalysis Humanistic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Biomedical
Eclectic approach!
Key Figures / Terms
Freud: Free association, dream analysis
Resistance/Transference (talking therapy
Rogers: Client-centered, UPR, Non-directive, active listening
Classical / Operant conditioningCounter- conditioning, Systematic desensitization, flooding, aversive conditioning, modeling
REBT, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad, Rotter’s Internal v. External locus
George Kelley: Personal Constructs
Drug therapy: (somatic therapy) review specific drug treatments

38. Theorists Developmental Psych Piaget: Cognitive Kohlberg: Moral
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Kohlberg: Moral
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Erikson: Social (8 stages)
Harlow: Touch and attachment
Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious-ambivalent / Avoidant)