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AP Psychology Weekend Review
College credit here we come!
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Perspectives/Approaches/Schools of thought
Humanistic – Rogers (UPR, active listening), Maslow (pyramid and self-actualization), reaching full potential Cognitive –Piaget (kid development), Chomsky (language), Rotter (locus of control), Seligman (learned helplessness), Beck (CBT), thinking Behavioral – Pavlov (dog), Skinner (schedule of reinforcement), Watson (little Albert), Thorndike (Law of Effect, cat), Bandura (Bobo doll observational), learned Socio-Cultural – Zimbardo (prison and role taking), Milgram (shocking and unethical, obedience to authority), Asch (lines, conformity in groups), culture and groups Biological – medications, surgeries, genetics, etc, Psychoanalytic – (Psychodynamic), Freud (unconscious, defense mechanisms, id, ego, superego), Neo-Freudians (Adler- Inferiority complex and birth order, Horney- love from parents and insecurity, Erikson – psychosocial stages of development like trust vs. mistrust) Evolutionary – Darwin and survival of the species ideas
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Research Stuff Bell Curve Valid, Reliable Replication
Correlation vs. Exp. IV vs. DV Exp. vs. control group Random Sample / Random Assignment Confounding Variables Controls (placebo effect) Op. Def. of Variables Correlation Coefficient Measures of Central Tendencies Measures of variability Z score (Standard deviation) Scatter Plot Statistical Significance Bell Curve Valid, Reliable Replication Statistical Significance APA guidelines
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2008 #2 Free Response We conducted a variation of Ash’s (1951) conformity study in which participants made judgements about the length of lines. We randomly assigned participants to one of two conditions and told them that the study involved perceptual abilities. In the first condition, participants estimated the length of lines after hearing five people pretending to be participants (confederates) give inaccurate estimates. In the second condition, participants estimated the length of lines without hearing estimates of confederates. As we expected, participants in the first condition were less accurate in their estimates in line length, demonstrating the tendency to conform to majority influence. A. How would each element below be related to the specific content of the experiment reported in the abstract? • Control group • Deception • Operational definition of the dependent variable • Hypothesis • Debriefing B. How might participants’ estimates on line length in the study be related to the following? • Cognitive dissonance • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Nature vs. Nurture Biological vs. Enviornmental
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Biology / Neurobiology
Neurotransmission(parts, action/resting potential, all-or-none, refractory period, reuptake, synapse) Sensory / Motor neurons / Interneurons Nervous System (CNS, PNS) Endocrine System Parts of Brain Brain hemispheres Brain imaging Plasticity Aphasia vs. agnosia Split-Brain
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Transmission
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The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to (A) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon (B) increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse (C) facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors (D) reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft (E) protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by enzymes
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The occipital lobes contain (A) the primary visual cortex (B) the prefrontal cortex (C) the somatosensory cortex (D) the pons (E) sensory and motor connections to other brain regions
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Endocrine System
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Development Theorists Piaget Kohlberg Gilligan Erikson Harlow
Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Attachment (imprinting) Critical Period Habituation Heritability Maturation Menarche / menopause Longitudinal v. cross-sectional Fluid v. Crystallized Parenting styles Gender identity, role, typing Theorists Piaget Kohlberg Gilligan Erikson Harlow Ainsworth
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Kohlberg and Moral Development
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Ainsworth and the Strange Situation
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According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events? (A) Sensorimotor (B) Preoperational (C) Symbolic (D) Concrete operational (E) Formal operational
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The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby
The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles they learned from theories and research that address child development. A. Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the following four researchers. • Skinner’s operant conditioning • Bandura’s social learning theory • Ainsworth’s attachment research • Baumrind’s research on parenting styles B. Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories below to address the corresponding psychological concept. • Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management • Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior • Ainsworth’s attachment research: self-reliance • Baumrind’s research on parenting styles: self-esteem
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Sensation Perception Bottom Up / top Down Absolute Threshold
JND / Weber’s Law Trichromatic v. Opponent Process (theories on color) Feature Detection (H&W) Eye / Ear Audition / Olfaction Hue, pitch, intensity, amplitude Place v. Frequency theory Vestibular Sense Kinesthesis Sensory Adaptation Gestalt Binocular Cues Monocular Cues Perceptual Set Selective Attention Size / Color Constancy
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A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? (A) Retinal disparity (B) Linear perspective (C) Motion parallax (D) Relative size (E) Texture gradient
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A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? (A) Retinal disparity (B) Linear perspective (C) Motion parallax (D) Relative size (E) Texture gradient
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Consciousness Sleep stages Sleep Disorders
Activation Synthesis v. Information Processing Lucid Dreaming Hypnosis Post-Hypnotic Suggestion Hidden Observer Response Dissociation Drugs: Withdraw, tolerance, Depressants, stimulants, hallucinagens
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Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all (A) hormones excreted by the endocrine glands (B) secretions of the exocrine glands (C) drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders (D) enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals (E) neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
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In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? (A) Depressant (B) Narcotic (C) Psychoactive (D) Stimulant (E) Hallucinogen
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Thinking and Language Concept / Prototype Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic Insight Trial and Error Algorithm Obstacles to Problem solving (Belief bias, perseverance, confirmation bias, mental set, mental rigidity, functional fixedness Phonemes v. Morphemes Linguistic Determinism Syntax v. Semantics Deep structure Chomsky = nature Critical period / LAD Skinner = nurture Observation, association, reinforcement
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Zoey wants to buy a car but is having difficulty deciding what kind of car to buy. She is feeling anxious and wants to make a decision soon. Zoey visits several local car dealers and asks for the advice of several of her friends. Explain how each of the following could influence her decision. Be sure to discuss each concept in the context of Zoey’s decision. Approach-avoidance conflict Central route to persuasion Heuristics individualism Rationalization Self-efficacy The autonomic nervous system The foot-in-door phenomenon
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Testing / Intelligence
Stanford-Binet IQ = MA / CA x 100 ( avg=100, SD=15) Standardized Testing Reliability / Validity Pilot / norms of achievement Achievement v. Aptitude Savant Syndrome Flynn Effect Bell Curve Factor Analysis Theorists Spearman- G Factor / Factor analysis Gardner: Mult. Intelligences Goleman- EQ Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)
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Motivation / Emotion Drive-Reduction Homeostasis Push / pull factors Arousal Incentive Maslow’s Hierarchy Hunger Lateral v. Ventromedial Hypothalamus Set Point / BMR Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa Sexual Motivation (Innitial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution) Achievement Motivation Theory X vs. Y Conflicting motivations Emotions Facial expressions = universal Catharsis Feel good-do good James Lange theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schacter’s Two-Factor theory
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2004 FR Question #1 James was the lead in the school play. It was opening night. Mr. Smith, the director, asked James if he was ready to go on and reminded him about a few last minute changes in the script. A number of thoughts and feelings came over James as the curtain went up. James became anxious when he saw all the faces of the audience members. Then he saw his mother, who is a professional actress, sitting in the front row. James could not relax. At that instant, he saw his psychology teacher in the audience. He knew that he needed to use the concepts learned in his class to make sense of these thoughts, feelings, and surroundings.
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Describe how each of the following concepts might help James give a strong performance.
State-dependent memory Arousal theory Positive reinforcement Selective attention Imagery Social facilitation Sensory adaptation
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Stress Type A personality Type B personality
Type A + negative anger = heart disease Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment Rating Scale (numerical value on stress)
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Abnormal Psychology Delusions / Hallucinations DSM V & changes
Psychiatrist v. Psychologist 2 weeks Neuroticism (neurosis) Psychotic (psychosis) Delusions / Hallucinations Disorders Anxiety Mood Disorders Somatoform Dissociative Schizophrenia Personality Disorders
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Therapy Key Figures / Terms Types of Therapy Psychoanalysis Humanistic
Behavioral Cognitive Biomedical Eclectic approach! Key Figures / Terms Freud: Free association, dream analysis Resistance/Transference (talking therapy Rogers: Client-centered, UPR, Non-directive, active listening Classical / Operant conditioningCounter- conditioning, Systematic desensitization, flooding, aversive conditioning, modeling REBT, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad, Rotter’s Internal v. External locus George Kelley: Personal Constructs Drug therapy: (somatic therapy) review specific drug treatments
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Theorists Developmental Psych Piaget: Cognitive Kohlberg: Moral
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational Kohlberg: Moral Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional Erikson: Social (8 stages) Harlow: Touch and attachment Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious-ambivalent / Avoidant)
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