1. Blood Typing and Blood Genetics

2. Blood Genetics The human ABO gene is on chromosome 9.
Everyone has two copies of chromosome 9 so you have two ABO genes.
One copy is inherited from our mother, the other from our father.

3. Alleles
There are three versions (called “alleles”) of this blood type gene: A, B, and O.
A person’s blood type is determined by which allele he/she inherits from each parent.

4. Pheno vs. Geno
The genetic makeup of an organism is called the “genotype”.
The “phenotype” is the visible properties of an organism.
In this case, the A, B, and O allele combination a person has is their genotype
Their blood type is their phenotype.

5. Dominant vs. Recessive Genes
The “A” allele is dominant and so is the “B” allele.
Together though, the “A” and “B” alleles are co-dominant.
The “O” allele is recessive.

6. Determining the Genotype
The blood type gene has three different alleles:
IAIA is Type A
IAIB is Type AB
IBIB results in Type B
ii is Type O

7. Determining the Genotype
Scenario:
Mom has the alleles IAIA for blood type and Dad has the alleles IBIB blood type.
What will be the blood type for their child?

8. Punnett Sqaures IA IB

9. Practice
Suppose that a mother has blood Type A and genotype IAi and the father has blood Type B and genotype IBi. Draw a Punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
What are the phenotypes of the kids?
State the % of each of the following:
Type A
Type B
Type O

10. Practice IB i IA

11. R.B.C
Red blood cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin, which contains iron and carries the oxygen to the body
Hemoglobin also makes red blood cells red.
We have so many red cells that our blood itself appears red, even though it contains more than red blood cells.

12. Blood Terminology
ABO blood groups—based on having A, B, both, or no antigens on red blood cells
Rh factor—may be present on red blood cells; positive if present and negative if not
Antigen—a substance that can stimulate the body to make antibodies. Certain antigens (proteins) found in the plasma of the red blood cell’s membrane account for blood type.
Antibody—a substance that reacts with an antigen
Agglutination—clumping of red blood cells; will result if blood types with different antigens are mixed

13. Blood Types The alleles we discussed “code” for blood type.
What they REALLY “code” for is a specific enzyme.
That enzyme creates specific antigens on your RBC.

14. Antigens
An antigen is a protein (encoded from the right enzyme) that “sits” on the surface of your RBC.
There are 2 different blood antigens, A and B.
If you have the A antigen, you have type A blood.
If you have the B antigen, you have type B blood.

15. Antigens of the Surface of the RBC

16. Antibodies Blood plasma is packed with proteins called antibodies.
The body produces a wide variety of antibodies that will recognize and attack foreign molecules.
A person’s plasma does not contain any antibodies that will bind to molecules that are part of his or her own body.

18. Blood Transfusions
Tt is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types.
If the donor’s blood cells have antigen that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipient’s blood recognize the donor blood as foreign.
This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting.

19. A B AB O Blood Transfusions Antigen Antibody Can donate to…
Can receive from… A B AB O

20. Relative Abundance of Blood Types
40-42%
10-12%
3-5%
43-45%

21. Interesting Facts Men generally have more red blood cells than women.
Rare blood types exist in addition to the basic ABO system.

22. Rhesus Factor (Rh)
If a person has a positive Rh factor, this means that their blood contains a protein that is also found in Rhesus monkeys. 
Most people (about 85%) have a positive Rh factor
Rh is expressed as either positive or negative. 
The Rh factor, like other antigens, is found on the surface of the red blood cells. 

23. O A B AB Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive - A B O AB
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient

24. Rh Factors
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

25. Rh Factor Statistics Rh+ + and - Rh- only - O- AB+
85% of people have Rh present on their red blood cells. Their blood is referred to as _____ and they can receive ___________ blood.
Rh+
+ and -
15% of people DO NOT have Rh present on their red blood cells. Their blood is referred to as ______ and they can receive ____________.
Rh-
only - O-
Universal blood donor (used by all)_____.
Universal blood recipient (can receive all types)____.
AB+

26. Blood Evidence
Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects.
Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon.
Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.

27. Microscopic Views Bird Blood Fish Blood Horse Blood Cat Blood
Dog Blood
Fish Blood
Frog Blood
Snake Blood
Microscopic Views
Human Blood
Horse Blood