1. Staircase Civil Engineering Drawing Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan

2. Straight Two-flight Stair With Half-landing
Types of Stairs
Straight Flight Stair
Straight Two-flight Stair With Half-landing

3. Quarter-turn Stair With Landing Quarter-turn Stair With Winders
Types of Stairs
Quarter-turn Stair With Landing
Quarter-turn Stair With Winders

4. Types of Stairs Dogleg Stair With Half-landing
Open-well Stair With Two Quarter Landings

5. Spiral Stair With Central Column Circular Stair With Central Well
Types of Stairs
Spiral Stair With Central Column
Circular Stair With Central Well

6. Geometric Stair (90ᵒ) Turn
Types of Stairs
Geometric Stair (90ᵒ) Turn

7. Principles to be Observed While Planning and Designing a Stair
Width of stair: It should not be less than 1.00 m.
Length of flight: The number of steps in a single flight should not be more than 12 up to maximum of 18.
Pitch of the stair: It should be between 25 to 40.
Width of landing: It should be 150 mm, more than the width of stair.
Winders or kite steps: Odd shaped steps should be avoided and incase found necessary, these should be provided at the start of a stair.

8. Principles to be Observed While Planning and Designing a Stair
Hand-rails: It should be 750 to 850 mm in height from the top of respective step or landing.
Step proportions: The size of riser and tread in a stair should be kept uniform through out the whole stair.
Headroom: Minimum of 2000 mm of clear headroom is required above the pitch line.

9. Recommended Proportions
Residential buildings:
Tread = 250 mm, Rise = 160 mm
Public buildings:
Tread = 300 mm, Rise = 150 mm
Industrial buildings, Railway station, etc:
Tread = not less then 250 mm = 250 to 300 mm
Rise = not less then 150 mm = 150 to 190 mm

10. Recommended Proportions
Otherwise work out the sizes of rise and tread by using any one of the following proportions:
(2 x Rise) + (Going), in mm = 550 to 600 mm
Rise x Tread, both in cm = 400 to 410 cm2.
With basic proportion of going 300 mm and rise 150 mm, add 10 mm to rise for every 20 mm deduction from going e.g. For a going of 280 mm the rise will be 160 mm.
The above rules act as guide but the actual sizes depend upon the availability of space, while planning stairs practical-field.

11. Components of a Staircase

12. Components of a Staircase
Balusters: The smaller posts fitted between the stair and the handrail, usually decorative, and in timber or steel.
Bullnose Step: The step at the base of a stair which usually has a protruding semi- circular end.
Capping: The piece of timber that forms the edge or border for the carpet or other floor coverings, located at the edge of the floor on upper level.
Closed Stair: A stair that has treads and risers.
Cut Stringer: Stringers that are cut to follow the profile of the treads and risers.

13. Components of a Staircase
Handrail: The shaped or molded piece of timber you hold on to as you walk up or down the stair. 
Handrail Scroll: The decorative handrail piece at the start of the stair that curls around and sits above the bullnose step.
Handrail Wreaths: The sections that curve around corners to form a continuous handrail.
Landing: The flat platforms usually located where a stair changes direction.
Newel Posts: The larger square posts at the start and the corners of a stair. They are usually turned, fluted, paneled or decorated in some way.

14. Components of a Staircase
Open Stair: A stair that has no risers.
Risers: The vertical pieces which are the solid infill between the treads.
Stringers: The main beams that support treads and risers
Tread Bracket: The decorative pieces that fit to the face of a cut stringer in the more traditional type of stair.
Tread Nose: The rounded leading edge of a step.
Treads: These are simply the steps you walk on.
Winder Steps: The triangular treads used to change the direction of the stair, usually around right-angle corners

15. Stair Geometry
Stair safety and geometry are related-rhythmic movement along a straight line is important for safe ascent or descent.

16. Stair Angles
According to AS “Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways & ladders - Design, Construction & Installation”, stairways should be angled between 26.5ᵒ and 45ᵒ. That’s between 1 in 2 and 1 in 1.
Rise = 1
Going = 2
Rise = 1
Going = 1

17. Stairway Landings
Stairways landings must be at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide at every 12 feet or less of vertical rise.
Unprotected sides of landings must have standard 42 inch guardrail systems.

18. Guidelines for Designing a Comfortable Staircase
Stairways > 600 mm between handrails.
Slope not less than 26.5ᵒ & not more than 45ᵒ.
Stairs constructed in flights straight or curved horizontally.
Number of rises not to exceed 18 in a flight; not more than 36 rises without a change in direction.

19. Guidelines for Designing a Comfortable Staircase
All treads to be slip resistant, with provision made for drainage.
Rises & goings (in the same flight) to be within ± 5 mm.
Each rise not less than 150 mm & not more than 215 mm.
Each going not less than 215 mm & not more than 305 mm.

20. Guidelines for Designing a Comfortable Staircase
Landings:
Length & width must be not less than the stairway.
Landing minimum vertical clearance 2000 mm.
Every access landing - standing space at least 600 mm clear of cross-traffic or door swing.

21. Guidelines for Designing a Comfortable Staircase
Radius to centre line of stairway not less than 600 mm; where radius to centre line is less than 3000 mm, maximum width of curved stairway 750 mm.
Each Going not less than 215 mm & not more than 305 mm.
45, 000 < R x G < 48, 000.
Tread width must not be less than the going and there must be an overhang of at least 10 mm.

22. Winder Steps Treads that are tapered are called Winder Steps.
Must have same rise as the flights.
Maximum of 3 treads per quarter turn.
Must be same width at centre on widths < 1 m.
If stair > 1 m same width 400 mm from inside handrail.

23. Staircase Cross-section