1. narrative situations
Stanzel, 1955

2. figural narration
=))
He had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. He fell in love with her.

3. first-person narrator
=))
I had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. I fell in love with her.
narrating self
distance?
experiencing self

4. authorial narrator
=))
=))
When Adam and Eve met for the first time, his heart was pounding and her heart was eating her from the inside. They were in love.

5. narrative situations
Bal, 1997

6. levels of narration Two basic questions: a) Who speaks? b) Who sees?
X narrates that Y sees Z.

7. the narrator (who speaks?)
The narrator may be perceptible or non-perceptible:
„Let me tell you the story about how all this happened. Back then he was a young boy of seventeen, you know, and he got himself into serious trouble when he...“
 In general, the narrator will always be first person, even if he is not perceptible.
(I narrate:)
„He was a young boy of seventeen and got himself into serious trouble when he…“

8. the narrator (who speaks?)
Furthermore the narrator may have been part of the story or not:
a) internal narrator
b) external narrator
„Let me tell you the story about how all this happened. Back then he was a young boy of seventeen, you know, and he got himself into serious trouble when he met Helen for the first time. Being Helen‘s flatmate, I hardly knew him then …“
„He was a young boy of seventeen and got himself into serious trouble when he met Helen, who used to share a flat with a strange guy called Paul… “

9. focalizor (who sees?)
The basic question is, whose perspective is used to present the story:
internal focalizor
= the perspective of a character in
the story is taken
b) external focalizor
= the perspective of a character
outside the story is taken

10. focalizor (who sees?)
Again, the focalizor can be perceptible or non-perceptible.
a) He saw the women taking part in spare time activities and his deepest wish was to join them. Would he dare to ask? There they were with their badminton rackets, well equipped for the picnic they would probably have later…
b) Peter saw the women taking part in spare time activities and his deepest wish was to join them. Would he dare to ask? Sitting on this bench in Central Park, he watched them with their badminton rackets, well equipped for the picnic they would probably have later…

11. external narrator (non-perceptible) narrates that internal focaliser
sees Z
=))
He had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. He fell in love with her.

12. external narrator (perceptible) narrates that internal focaliser
sees Z
=))
You won’t believe me, but he had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. He fell in love with her.

13. internal narrator (non-perceptible) narrates that internal focaliser
sees Z
=))
I had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. I fell in love with her.

14. internal narrator (perceptible) narrates that internal focaliser
sees Z
=))
I cannot recall every detail exactly, but I swear I had never seen a woman like her before. Such beauty and passion. I fell in love with her.

15. external narrator (non-perceptible) narrates that external focaliser
sees Z
=))
=))
When Adam and Eve met for the first time, his heart was pounding and her heart was eating her from the inside. They were in love.

16. external narrator (perceptible) narrates that external focaliser
(non-perceptible)
sees Z
=))
=))
Now, I must tell you what happened when Adam and Eve met for the first time. His heart was pounding and her heart was eating her from the inside. They were in love.