1. Cultural Hearths
A cultural hearth is a source area from which new ideas radiate.

2. Early Cultural Hearths
Mesopotamia-modern day Iraq (Tigris & Euphrates Rivers)
Indus River Valley (modern Pakistan & India)
Yellow River Valley (modern day China)
Nile River Valley (Egypt)
Middle America (Native Americans)

4. What did culture hearths have in common?
Near a river
in a temperate climate
on arable land
abundance of food

5. Early Cultural Hearths

6. Early Cultural Hearths

8. Advances in agriculture lead to increased crop production.
Not everyone in a given population needs grow their own crops - one farmer can produce enough crops to support more than one family.
This then allows people to engage in other activities besides crop raising, animal husbandry, hunting or gathering.
As a result of these other activities, new ideas develop and lead to advancements in science, astronomy, mathematics, religion, art, and political systems. These ideas then are spread to surrounding areas.

9. Growth of Cities Literacy Complex Institutions Social Structure Art
6 Features of a Civilization
Art
Social Structure

10. What other things spread?
Disease
Language
Food
Religion
Ideas
Inventions
culture

11. Cultural Diffusion Cultural Convergence Cultural Divergence

12. What is cultural diffusion?
The spread of new knowledge and skills from one culture to another.
Diffusion is not always good!
-Diseases
-Drugs and alcohol

13. A story of cultural diffusion
Columbian Exchange
A story of cultural diffusion

14. What is cultural convergence?
Condition in which two separate cultures come together to share culture traits.

15. What is cultural divergence?
Condition in which one culture splits into separate cultures.
Example:
When British settled in America in the 1700s, they developed the increased idea of political sovereignty (self-rule).
Why does this happen?
Migration
Separation
Geography
Original culture groups can be separated by a geographic feature such as mountains or an ocean and develop a different culture.

16. Elements of Culture Language Religion Social Groups Government
Economic Activities

17. Language Language unites peoples from many different places on Earth.
Spanish is spoken on every habitable continent except Australia.

18. Religion
Even though religions are different throughout the world, they unify different people in many places in the world. There are Christians & Muslims on many continents.

19. Social Groups
Social groups provide a way for members to work together to meet needs.
Ethnic Groups – people whom share a common language, history, place of origin.

20. Government
Governments throughout the world share the characteristics that they maintain order within a country, protects the people who live there, and provides people with needed services.

21. Levels & Types of Governments
Unitary System - All powers reside with the national government.
Federal System - Governmental powers a shared between national
government & state governments.
Types:
Autocracy- Rule resides with one individual. Leaders: emperors
Monarchy- Rule resides with one family. Leaders: kings/queens
Oligarchy- Rule by a small group. Leaders: Communist Party Politburo
Democracy- Rule by leaders whom have consent of the people. Leaders: Prime Minister/President

22. Types of Governments (continued)
Autocratic Totalitarian Dictatorship
a) maintains their power over the people by military force.
b) the leader’s decisions are the sole factor in construction of governmental policy.
c) leader has no responsibility to serve the people’s best interests because they are protected by a loyal & ruthless police force.
Autocratic Monarchy
a) royal family claims to have received the right to lead because they have holy blood that dates back to ancient religious leaders.
b) the leaders received their power by inheriting it from their ancestors.
Constitutional Monarchy
a) ceremonial king and queen that have only minimal governmental powers.

23. Types of Governments (continued)
Democracy
the leaders rule with the consent of the people
people have the sovereign power
Direct Democracy
allows people at the local level to directly make their own laws
Representative Democracy
also known as a republic in which the people elect officials with the responsibility and the power to make laws and conduct the government.
allows the people to elect a congress to make laws.
Oligarchy
a small group holds power
sometimes elections are held for the people to decide leaders or laws. However, many of these decisions have already been made by the group that holds power.

24. Types of Governments (continued)
Theocracy
official policy is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group.
political leaders and religious leaders are often at odds on setting governmental policies.
adheres to the strict doctrine of ancient religious texts.

25. Economic Systems
Economic Systems are how a society divides up its scarce resources.
Traditional Economy – habit & customs determine the rules for economic activity
Market Economy – individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce. (No Governmental Interference.)
Mixed Economy – Government supports & regulates free enterprise.
Command Economy – government owns or directs the means of production.

26. Economic Systems
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Traditional
Command
Market

27. Traditional Economies
Allocation of scarce resources stems from ritual, habit, or customs
Dictate most social behaviors
Defined by customs of elders/ancestors
Ex?
African tribes, Aborigines, Inuit

28. Traditional Economies
Advantages
Everyone knows the role to play
Life is stable, predictable, continuous
Disadvantages
Discourage new ideas
Lack of progress = lower standard of living

29. Command Economies
Central authority makes the what, how, and for whom decisions
People have very little, if any, influence
North Korea, former Soviet Union, Cuba

30. Command Economy Types:
Socialism – Some government control of big businesses and industries. (Great Britain – Health Care)
Communism – Government controls all aspects of economy with no exception. (North Korea)

31. Command Economy: Advantages
Change direction drastically in a short amount of time
Little uncertainty: People do not have to worry about what to study, where they will work, or if they’ll lose jobs

32. Command Economy: Disadvantages
Does not meet the wants of the consumer
No incentive to work hard
Requires a large bureaucracy
No flexibility to deal with minor problems
Innovation is difficult to express

33. Market Economies
People and firms decide act in their own best interests to answer the what, how, and for whom
The “market” is where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services
Ex: United States, Canada, Great Britain, Europe, South Korea, Japan, Singapore

34. Market Economy: Advantages
Over time, market adjusts to change
Allows for a high degree of individual freedom
Relatively small degree of govt. interference
Decision-making is decentralized
Incredible variety of goods and services
High degree of consumer satisfaction

35. Market Economy: Disadvantages
Does not provide for the basic needs of everyone in the society (some members are too old, young, or sick to care for themselves)
Does not provide enough of the services that are highly valued
High degree of uncertainty that workers and businesses face as a result of change

36. What type of economy does the United States have?
Mixed Market Economy
Modified private enterprise system
Free Enterprise Economy
Capitalist Economy
There are government regulations for our economy (ex. Food labels and pollution laws.) If our economy was a true free market economy, the government would have no input. The only decision makers would be buyers and sellers.

37. The Exchange of Resources
Trading between countries is needed for the following reasons:
1) Countries are rich in different natural resources.
2) Countries can produce an excess of what is needed for their own population’s survival.
3) Countries cannot produce needed goods.
Since trade is beneficial to countries of the world, a main focus of the 21st century has been to eliminate barriers to free trade.
North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA)
European Union

38. How Can Countries Affect Others Unintentionally?
Pollution
Russia polluted much of Eastern Europe with nuclear fallout with the meltdown of the nuclear power plant Chernobyl in 1986.
The United States polluted Southern Canada for years with smokestack emissions from the Ohio River Valley manufacturing center.