1. FUTURE OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
DNA DIGITAL STORAGE
FUTURE OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
MOHAMMED MUBEEN
ECE
ROLL NO : 44

2. INTRODUCTION
Refers to the scheme to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA
Uses artificial DNA made using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis

3. WHAT IS DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid
Molecule that carries the genetic instructions
Essential for all known forms of life
Consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.
Nature’s storage device, replicating and propagating genetic code over thousands of generations

4. DNA under an electron microscope

5. DO WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY?
Rapid growth of data generated.
Information to be stored for long periods.
Prone to damage from external factors.
Rise in e-waste.
Requires more energy.
E-waste disposal site

6. STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA consists of Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T).
Paired into nucleotide base pairs A-T and G-C.
Backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues.
Single nucleotide can represent 2 bits of information

8. CODES FOR ENCODING The Huffman Code The Comma Code The Alternate Code
Comma Free Code
Improved Huffman Code
Perfect Genetic Code

9. HOW DNA AS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY?
Source data in form of binary bits (0 and 1) was converted to a tertiary bit code (0, 1 and 2) to decrease chances of encoding errors.
Following the conversion, the digital data is encoded into the nucleobases of DNA.
By altering the positions of nucleobases A,T,G and C, the tertiary code can be mapped onto the nucleobases codes, thus making a repetitive blocks of nucleobases that encode data.
The encoded DNA then can be sequenced and read back to tertiary and then to binary data using technologies similar to those used to map the human genome. 

10. PROCESS
Coding : Any digital file—a movie, medical records, the Encyclopedia Britannica—can be converted to a “genetic file” and stored as strands of DNA. First the digital file’s binary code is translated into the four-letter genetic code, composed of the As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that represent the chemical building blocks of DNA strands.
Synthesis : Then a synthetic-biology company manufactures the strands to the customer’s specifications.
Storage : A test tube containing the genetic file can be stashed away in cold storage until someone wants to retrieve the information.

11. Retrieval : A standard DNA sequencing machine reads out the genetic code. Decoding : The code is then translated back into binary.

14. WHY DNA?
 A mere milligram of the molecule could encode the complete text of every book in the Library of Congress.
Very high data density.
More compact than current magnetic tape or hard drive storage.

16. Human genetic code

17. Designing and synthesizing DNA with modern day software’s

18. APPLICATIONS
National security for information hiding purposes and for data stenography.
Preserve safely the personal information of a person such as medical information and family history in their own bodies.
Storage of archival documents.

19. DEVELOPMENTS
Microsoft is making huge investment in DNA data storage research. The company reported that it had written  200 MB data, including War and Peace and 99 other literary classics, into DNA.
Twist Bioscience of San Francisco used a machine to create the strings letter by letter that canbuild up to 1.6 million strings at a time.
The field has scope for research in the coming years.

20. An artist’s impression of a DNA storage device
OUR FUTURE!!
An artist’s impression of a DNA storage device

21. THANK YOU !