1. Lecture on Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2. The CPU is the single most important component within a computer system. The CPU coordinates almost all activities in a computer system. The CPU is sometimes referred to as the computers “brain”.

3. The major concepts of CPU’s are:
Speed of CPU’s
CPU Components
How CPU’s work
History of CPU’s
Manufacturers of CPU’s
CPU sockets
Cooling of CPU’s

4. CPU Speeds
The speed of a CPU is determined by an internal clock. Using a quartz crystal, the CPU clock breathes life into the CPU by feeding it a constant flow of pulses. For example, a 200MHz CPU receives 200 million pulses per second.
CPUs are measured how fast they can process information.
The speed is measured in Mega Hertz (million) or Giga Hertz (billion) clock cycles per second.
A 1.1 GHz process means that the CPU can do 1.1 Billion Cycles per second!

5. The CPU has three sub parts that work together to do all the processing work. They are the Central Memory, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit.

6. CPU Components
Central Memory --- Part of the computer where data and instructions are held. (Also known as main memory, main store, central memory, immediate access memory.)
ALU --- The part of the CPU where arithmetic and logic operations are performed. Sometimes called the arithmetic unit.
Control Unit --- Part of the computer where data and instructions are held. (Also known as main memory, main store, central memory, immediate access memory.)

7. How CPU’s work
The CPU performs four steps in executing an instruction:
The control unit gets the instruction from memory.
The control unit decides what the instruction means and directs the necessary data to be moved from the memory to the arithmetic logic unit.
The arithmetic logic unit performs the actual operation on the data.
The result of the operation is stored in memory or a register.

8. History of the CPU
The Central Processing Unit was first manufactured in 1971 when a small unknown company, named Intel, combined multiple transistors to form a central processing unit. The unit was named the Intel 4044.
However, it was 8 years before the first Personal Computer was constructed

9. History of the CPU

10. History of the CPU

11. Intel, AMD and Cyrix and Motorola
CPU Manufacturer’s
Intel, AMD and Cyrix and Motorola
Cyrix began in 1988 as a specialist manufacturer of high-performance math co-processors for 286 and 386 systems.
Advanced Micro Devices are the world's second biggest CPU manufacturer. They are also one of the oldest; the company was founded in 1969.

12. CPU Manufacturer’s
IBM has been in the CPU business longer than anyone. Their multi-chip mainframe processors have been in production for decades.

13. CPU Manufacturer’s
Centaur are a fairly new entrant onto the CPU market.. Their first CPU, the C6, hit the market late in 1997
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) are one of the grandest old names in computing. Founded in 1957
One of the giants in world electronics, SGS Thompson make a vast range of products, ranging from components to finished items as diverse as radar and military electronics systems. Their main connection with CPUs has been as contract manufacturers for Cyrix
Motorola developed the series CPUs that powered the Apple Mac, Atari ST, Commodore Amiga

14. CPU Sockets Socket 1 169 Pins 5v 486 SX or DX
Socket Pins 5v 486 SX DX or DX2
Socket Pins 3v/5v 486 SX DX DX2 DX4
Socket Pins 3v 486 DX

15. Intel Pentium Sockets Socket 4 – 273 Pins 5v 60 or 66 MHZ Pentium
Socket 8 – 387 Pins 2.5v Pentium Pro

16. CPU Socket Summary 486 Socket - 168 pin holes (17x17) PGA LIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (21x21) PGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (24x26) MSPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
Socket A (actually 453) pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (20x20) SPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (26x26) µPGA ZIF socket.
Socket pin holes (31x25) µPGA ZIF socket.
PAC pin holes (2x(19x6)) VLIF socket.

17. CPU Slots
For a short time CPUs where designed to fit a cartridge shape the following is a short list of those form factors.
Slot leads. SEC slot. Intel
Slot leads. SEC slot. Intel
Slot A leads. SEC slot. AMD

18. CPU Cooling Systems
As CPUs became faster with more transistors built into them, excessive heat build-up do to electrical resistance became a factor in it’s performance.
Manufacturers began to designed cooling systems needed to dissipate the heat away from the CPU.
Heat sinks and fans are two of the most common ways in which to dissipate excess heat.

19. CPU Cooling Systems Heat Sink Compound / Paste
Heat sinks operate by conducting heat from the processor to the heat sink and then radiating it to the air.
The better the transfer of heat between the two surfaces (the CPU and the heat sink metal) the better the cooling.
To improve the thermal connection between the processor and heat sink, a special chemical called heat sink compound should be used.
A thin layer of this is spread between the two, which greatly improves heat transfer and the cooling of the processor

20. MMX Technology
Intel added 57 powerful new instructions to its CPU architecture to speed up certain computer-intensive loops in multimedia and communications applications.
PCs that use MMX technology will help make it possible for users to dial up friends, relatives or colleagues on the Internet with video conferencing equipment, share applications, and watch full-length movies with stereo sound all at once.