1. SALMONELLOSIS (Salmonella food poisoning, enteric paratyphosis)

2. A common bacterial cause of food-poisoning worldwide
A common bacterial cause of food-poisoning worldwide. Over 1800 food-poisoning serotypes of salmonella (bacterium) exist. S. typhi, the cause of Typhoid Fever

3. Transmission:- Indirect transmission via contaminated food and water are the most common sources but transmission may also be by direct contact. It is a common contaminant of sewage. Found in many environmental water sources. Environmental contamination continues to be a potential source of infection for lab animals and secondarily for personnel handling those animals. Animal feed containing animal by products continues to be a source of Salmonella contamination, especially if the diets consist of raw meal and have not undergone the pelleting process.

5. Incubation period:- Humans. 12-72 hours. Animals. 1-5 days
Incubation period:- Humans hours. Animals. 1-5 days. Clinical features:- Humans. The presence and severity of symptoms depends on the infecting dose. Typically there is watery diarrhea for about ten days, possibly leading to dehydration, with abdominal pain and low-grade fever. Septicemia and abscess formation are rare. Animals. Subclinical infection is common and many animals may be intermittent or persistent carriers. However, cows may suffer with fever, diarrhea and abortion. Calves undergo epizootic outbreaks of diarrhea with high mortality. In pigs, fever and diarrhea are less common than in cattle. Infected sheep, goats and poultry usually show no signs of infection.

7. Diagnosis:- Humans. Isolate salmonella from feces and suspected foods using selective media followed by serotyping and, if appropriate, phage typing. Animals. Culture feces, postmortem tissues and foods of animal origin. Serological tests are of limited value as many noninfected animals have titers from past infections

9. Prevention\Control: Humans
Prevention\Control: Humans. Educate food handlers in good kitchen hygiene. Ensure thorough cooking of meat, refrigerate cooked foods and prevent cross-contamination. Pasteurize all milk. Ensure personal hygiene. Reduce contamination of poultry carcasses at abattoirs. Irradiation of meat and other foods before purchase will reduce contamination. Animals. This is difficult and often impractical because there are many sources of infection. Principles of control include the following: maintain closed herds and flocks; keep animals in small groups; purchase replacements direct from the farm of origin; avoid mixing animals from different sources; sterilize ingredients of animal feed; provide mains drinking water for grazing livestock; prevent access of wild birds and rodents to animal houses; completely destock animals and thoroughly cleanse and disinfect housing between batches; monitor poultry breeding stock and remove excreters; disinfect hatching eggs and fumigate incubators

10. SHIGELLOSIS Synonym: Bacillary dysentery Cause: The type species is Shigella dysenteriae

12.   Source of infection and mode of transmission:- The principal reservoir of the infection for man is other humans that are sick or carriers. The sources of the infection are feces and contaminated objects. The most common mode of transmission is the fecal-oral route., such as foods contaminated by hands or feces of carrier individuals. Insects, particularly flies, can also play a role as mechanical vectors.. Monkeys probably contract the infection by contact with infected humans

13. Role of animals in the epidemiology of the disease:- Of little significance. Cases of human bacillary dysentery contracted from nonhuman primates are known. The victims are mainly children. In highly endemic areas, dogs may shed Shigella temporarily. The etiologic agent has also been isolated from horses, bats, and rattlesnakes. Nevertheless, animals other than nonhuman primates play an insignificant role.

14. Diagnosis:- Definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the etiologic agent by culture of fecal material on selective media. Serologic identification and typing are important from the epidemiologic viewpoint

15. Control:- In man, control methods include a) environmental hygiene, b) personal hygiene; c) education of the public and of food handlers about the sources of infection and methods of transmission d) control of flies.

16. CAT SCRATCH DISEASE:- Cat Scratch Fever Afipia felis a gram-negative rods, are members of class Proteobacteria and are intracellular parasitic bacteria..

17. Transmission:- Ninety percent (90%) of patients have been exposed to a cat; 75% of these have been bitten, scratched, or licked. Most affected individuals are <20 years of age..  4 to 6% of the general population and 20% of veterinarians have positive skin test reactions to CSD antigen.

19. DISEASE IN ANIMALS: Subclinical DISEASE IN MAN: Different distinct syndromes exist: A primary lesion, most common on neck or extremities, will develop in 50% of the cases and appear approximately 10 days after a bite or scratch. A pustule persists for 1-2 weeks days after the lesion appears, lymphadenopathy develops and usually regresses within 6 weeks % of the enlarged nodes become suppurative. Of the approximately 65% who develop systemic illness, fever and malaise are the symptoms most often noted. The disease is usually benign and most patients recover spontaneously without squeal within 2-4 months

21. DIAGNOSIS: The sedimentation rate is elevated, the white blood cell count normal, and the pus from the nodes is sterile. ID skin testing with antigen prepared from the pus is positive. Excisional biopsy, usually performed to exclude lymphoma, confirms the diagnosis Prevention\Control:- Education. Wash hands after handling cat. Wash cuts and scratches promptly and don't allow cat to lick open wound.

22. RAT BITE FEVER (Streptobacillary Fever) Cause: Gram negative, pleomorphic bacillus. cause of disease:- Streptobacillus moniliformis

23. Transmission:- Man infected by bite of infected rodent or via contaminated milk or food

24. Disease in animals:- Rats: inapparent infection Mice: acute, systemic, fatal disease in immunologically inexperienced mice. Surviving mice (or if endemic disease), exhibit suppurative polyarthritis, swelling and loss of digits or limbs.

25. Disease in human :- Acute febrile disease following bite from a rodent
Disease in human :- Acute febrile disease following bite from a rodent. Can see inflammation, lymphadenopathy, and nonspecific signs. May exhibit rash on extremities, May see arthritis with S. moniliformis. Incubation period variable hours to 1 to 3 days Symptoms usually resolve spontaneously. Complications, if not treated promptly, lead to pneumonia, hepatitis, enteritis, endocarditis with a 10% fatality rate.   Diagnosis:- Culture: S. moniliformis requires 10 to 20% horse or rabbit serum , Must inoculate culture specimens into lab animals and use dark field microscopy

26. Plague, Pest, Black Death:- Cause: A gram negative coccobacillus Yersinia pestis

27. Transmission:- Contact with infected rodent fleas or rodents
Transmission:- Contact with infected rodent fleas or rodents. Fleas may remain infected for months.. plague transmission during very hot weather either skin form or. Pulmonary form that spread by airborne or droplet infection. Human infections from non-rodent species usually result from direct contact with infected tissues, by scratch or bite injuries, and handling of infected animals. Several recent reports have detailed human plague associated with exposure to domestic cats. Exposure can be from inhalation of respiratory secretions of cats with pneumonic plague or by contaminating mucous membranes or skin wounds with secretins or exudates.  

30. Disease in animals:- Dogs usually have a brief self-limiting illness cats usually exhibit severe and often fatal infection, with fever, lymphadenopathy, hemorrhagic pneumonia, and encephalitis. rodents may carry the disease asymptomatically or develop fatal disease. infected rats and squirrels frequently die unless they are from an enzootic area and have acquired immunity.

31. Disease in human :- Incubation period 2 to 6 days
Disease in human :- Incubation period 2 to 6 days. In humans the disease is called Bubonic, Septicemic, or Pneumonic plague depending on the pattern of distribution of the infection. Bubonic is the most common form causing fever and swollen, tender lymph nodes (called Buboes). Pneumonic plague is systemic plague with lung involvement. Mortality may exceed 50%. Plague is also called the "black death" because disseminated intravascular coagulation takes place and areas of skin undergo necrosis.  

32. Diagnosis: Impression smears of aspirates or blood stained with gram or Giemsa.. Serology via Complement fixation, hemagglutination, and immunofluorescence (IFA)   Prevention\Control: Wild rodents should be controlled and fleas should be eliminated. gloves should be worn when handling cats suspected to be infected and all contaminated surfaces disinfected. Notify Health Department of suspected cases, Vaccines available for high risk personnel.