1. Road to Reformation Part 1
Church History
Road to Reformation
Part 1
© John Stevenson, 2016

2. A Timeline of Church History
1000 1
500
1500
2000
The
Ancient
Church
The Medieval Church
The
Reformed
Church
Early
Middle Ages
High
Middle
Ages
Late
Middle
Ages

3. Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000
Gradual population growth
Rapid population growth
Population decline
Climate Change
Little Ice Age
Warm Period

4. Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000
Gradual population growth
Rapid population growth
Population decline
Barbarian invasions
Crusades
Formation of nation states
Romanesque architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic & Renaissance architecture

5. Romanesque

6. Gothic

7. Renaissance

8. A monastery without a library is like a fortress without arms -- Old Medieval Proverb

9. What is Medieval
Scholasticism?

10. Monastic Studies Scholasticism Contemplative and literary
Argumentative and logical
How to I live?
What is basis for beliefs?
Accepted the authority of the abbot
Questioned various opinions

11. Monastic Studies Scholasticism Ancient texts are authoritative
Faith is necessary to understanding

12. Anselm of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury
Philosopher and theologian
Ontological argument for the existence of God

13. Anselm of Canterbury
“I do not try to understand in order to believe; I believe in order to understand”

14. Anselm’s Reasoning for God
God is the greatest thing we can imagine
If God only exists in our thoughts, then there is a greater quality we could attribute to Him ― that of existence
Therefore we would be able to conceive of a Being greater than He really is
But since that is absurd, then God must really exist

15. Peter Abelard French philosopher / theologian Arrogant
French philosopher / theologian
Arrogant
Established his own school
Wrote Sic et non (“Yes and no”)
Tutor to Heloise d’Argenteuil
Affair

16. Peter Abelard Castration Monastery of St. Denys
Castration
Monastery of St. Denys
Wrote Ethica: Internal versus external sins
Excommunicated
Accused of modalism & Pelagianism
Bernard of Clairvaux

17. Peter Abelard Restoration 1079 - 1142 Monastery of Cluny
Buried alongside Heloise

18. Peter Abelard
“For through doubting we come to inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth according to Truth himself.”

19. Anselm Abelard I believe in order to understand
I doubt in order to understand
The debt of sin is so great that only God could pay it. This is why it was necessary for God to become man
God brought about the atonement through the incarnation to show His great love for us
Legal Theology
Moral Theology

20. Anselm
Abelard
Christ’s death upon the cross was a substitutionary atonement as He paid the penalty of the curse of the law on my behalf
Christ’s death on the cross was a demonstration of divine love that calls us to live a life of moral obedience to God

21. Anselm Abelard Lutherans Calvinists Arminians Wesleyans Amyraldians
Socinians
Unitarians
Religious Liberals

22. Thomas Aquinas Dominican theologian & scholar The “Dumb Ox”
Dominican theologian & scholar
The “Dumb Ox”
Brought Aristotelian Logic to Christianity
Summa Theologica: A systematic theology

23. Metaphysical philosophy
Plato
Aristotle
The world we see with our senses is only a shadowy incomplete version of the truth
We make systematic observation and analysis to form logical statements about the world
Metaphysical philosophy
Scientific method
Anselm & Augustine
Aquinas

24. Plato
Aristotle
Focused on what is important, even if it is not necessarily true
Focused on what is true, even if it is not necessarily important

25. Knowledge of God’s existence
Thomas Aquinas
God’s Existence
Proven by reason
Known by faith
Knowledge of God’s existence
Full knowledge of God

26. Five Ways Thomas Aquinas Argument from Motion
Argument from Efficient Cause
Argument from Possibility and Necessity
Argument from Graduation of Being
Argument from Design

27. Thomas Aquinas
Whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another. If that by which it is put in motion be itself put in motion, then this also must needs be put in motion by another, and that by another again… (Summa Theologica).

28. Thomas Aquinas
But this cannot go on to infinity, because then there would be no first mover, and, consequently, no other mover; seeing that subsequent movers move only inasmuch as they are put in motion by the first mover; as the staff moves only because it is put in motion by the hand… (Summa Theologica).

29. Thomas Aquinas
Therefore it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God (Summa Theologica).

30. Thomas Aquinas
Those truths are self-evident which are recognized at once, as soon as the terms in which they are expressed are known. Such a truth is the assertion that God exists: for by the name ‘God’ we understand something greater than which nothing can be thought… Summa contra gentiles 1:10

31. Summa contra gentiles 1:10.
Thomas Aquinas
This notion is formed in the understanding by whoever hears and understands the name 'God,' so that God must already exist at least in the mind…
Summa contra gentiles 1:10.

32. Thomas Aquinas
Now He cannot exist in the mind only: for what is in the mind and in reality is greater than that which is in the mind only; but nothing is greater than God, as the very meaning of the name shows: it follows that the existence of God is a self evident truth, being evidenced by the mere meaning of the name. Summa contra gentiles 1:10

33. Thomas Aquinas To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary.
To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary.
To one without faith, no explanation is possible.

34. Augustine
Aquinas
The state and politics are a consequence of original sin
The state and politics are a part of the natural order
Predestination: Because of original sin, man is dependent upon the power of grace for salvation
Predestination: Men have to cooperate with divine grace and exercise it in order to be saved

35. Man can know about God by observing the natural world
Augustine
Aquinas
Man cannot know anything about God unless he receives revelation from God
Man can know about God by observing the natural world

36. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Redemption
A man merits an increase of grace by each meritorious action
Merit
More Grace
Progressive Justification
Merit
Grace from God
Man cannot merit the first grace
John D. Hannah

37. Thomas Aquinas Treasury of Merit ! ! ! Christ Purchased 1225-1275
The Church !
Christ Purchased
John D. Hannah

38. Thomas Aquinas Steps to Salvation The End The Result The Beginning
Reward of eternal life as a just due
The Beginning
Moral cooperation: Doing the best one can with the aid of grace
The gratuitous infusion of grace
John D. Hannah

39. Magna Carta Marco Polo 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 4th Crusade
4th Crusade
1st Crusade
3rd Crusade
2nd Crusade
Aquinas
Anselm
Peter Waldo
Abelard
Genghis Khan

40. What is the difference between Christendom versus Christianity?

41. What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

42. What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

43. Higher
Monastic Schools
Education
Cathedrals
University

44. University First universities at Paris and Bologna around 1200
No physical campus
Collection of students and teachers
Negotiated with local towns to have university
University could move if concessions not granted
University of Paris run by teachers
Specialty in theology

45. University University of Bolonga run by students Specialty in law
Teachers paid directly by students

46. University Faculty of Arts Student Law Mathematics Astronomy
Music Theory
Grammar
Logic
Rhetoric
Law
Student
Theology
Medicine
John D. Hannah

47. University All university students were given clerical status
Could only be tried by clerical courts
Penalty for striking a student was excommunication
Disruptive influence in towns
Women not permitted to universities

48. Scholasticism Humanism (1100 – 1300) (1300 – 1500)
Major area of study:
Theology
Science, medicine, theology
Questions:
Answered in Theology
No resolution necessary
Truth:
Church-based
Nostalgic, free, challenging
Focus:
Otherworldly
Practical, immediate
John D. Hannah