1. Title
Application of time domain electromagnetic and magnetic gradiometer techniques to delineate water leakage site along buried iron pipe at Sungai Klah, Perak, Malaysia
Amin E. Khalil1,2, Mohd Nawawi1, Karl Wagner3, Hassan Baioumy4, John S. Kayode1, Kehinde Ishola5, Abdullahi Abdul Rahman1 and Mohd Hariri Aiffin1
1 Geophysics Group, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Penang,
2 Geology Dept., Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt, 11795
3 UniKL, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
4 Dept. of Geoscience, Universiti Technologi Petronas, Malaysia.
5 The university of Lagos, Department of Geosciences, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

2. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Problem
Water is life. Wise control of water distribution through pipes for urban and industrial purposes is vital. At the study area, water consumption as deduced from water bills is not realistic based on the predicted figure of water consumption. The problem encountered is not only the money wasted, but also the loss of vast amount of water as well.
Water leakage
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

3. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Objectives
1-Locate the water leakage site of the distribution pipes at the site
of interest.
2- Demonstrate the potential of using integral geophysical tools to
solve similar Problems.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

4. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Crisis
PETALING JAYA • Malaysians in several states are being hit by water rationing as a prolonged dry spell shows no signs of abating, with dams and lakes around the country drying up. (
Malaysia has abundant water resources and adequate rainfall and yet the nation has water shortages and water quality problem. (Aini et al, 2009)ز
Photo from Free Malaysia Today
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

5. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Site
Perak
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

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Pipes plan
Site of detailed surveying
Pipes of different diameter extended to several hundred meters length.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

7. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Method
Geophysical Methods are proven successful to solve such problems because of its relative low cost and non-invasive nature. Number of Method are used, however, In the present work focus is shed to:
1- Vertical Magnetic Gradiometer, and
2- Transient Electromagnetic Method TDEM.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

8. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Magnetic
Gradiometer
Magnetic Gradiometer, is a technique that is characterized by simple field operations (No need for Base Station) and its ability to enhance the anomaly of near surface magnetic structures.
The method is effective in mapping buried pipes made from Iron.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

9. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Magnetic
Gradiometer
Measurements were carried out for all the pipe locations. However, detailed survey analysis were carried at certain Locality after analysis of the preliminary data.
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10. STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia
Magnetic
Gradiometer
Result of Detailed Survey
Successful map the buried pipe, and determined the leaking position.
STACLIM 2016, Sabah, Malaysia

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TDEM
Transmitter Cycle
A method that is dependent on the magnetic induction phenomena. Conductive layers will allow show higher variable intensity eddy current which result in higher secondary magnetic field. The secondary field will produce higher voltage at the receiver loop.
Induction take place when the current switched off instantly.
Recorded voltage at the receiver
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Instrument
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Tdem Field
Layout
Single loop layout with side length of 10m is adopted for the present survey.
The target length is approximately 30m.
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TDEM Result
Relatively Deep conductive anomaly. Possible not related to water leakage.
Possible location of water leakage
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Tdem Results
Depth slice showing relatively deep conductive anomaly, possibly not related to water leakage at the site
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Conclusions
Water leakage from distribution is a serious threat to drinking water resources wise control.
Geophysical methods can be used successfully to locate leakage positions.
Vertical Magnetic Gradiometer is capable of mapping both the distribution pipes made from Iron and leakage sites.
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Conclusions
TDEM method can be used efficiently to determine leakage sites.
Tdem result delineate relatively deep anomaly that could be related to geothermal reservoir.
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