1. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.1 - Introduction
The rate of engineering innovations is ever increasing Studying history provides us with perspective on how innovations progressed, and may give us an insight into future trends.

2. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.1 - Introduction
ABET* Definition of Engineering:
The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
*ABET: Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

3. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.1 - Introduction
Key Items within this Definition of Engineering:
Knowledge in Math and Sciences very important
Knowledge gained from various sources: study, experience and practice
Engineering is an applied art and practice
Engineering seeks economical solutions
Engineering serves to benefit mankind

4. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.2 – Getting Started
Prehistoric Culture: Though those living in prehistoric times were isolated from one another, they did demonstrate effective engineering skills:
They designed and built through trial and error
Because of isolation, little information or innovation was ever shared
Great importance placed on respect for life and a sense of the sacred

5. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.2 – Getting Started
Physical Limitations of Prehistoric Cultures:
No written language
Limited verbal language
No means of transportation
No separate concept of education to discover new things
Lived by gathering food / hunting with primitive weapons
Material aspects of life occurred very slowly

6. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.3 – The Beginnings of Engineering
Egypt and Mesopotamia
Were focal points for engineering activity between B.C.
Developments included:
Stone tools
Copper and Bronze tools
Development of plow
Invented wheel, sailing boat, methods of writing
Constructed massive structures including pyramids

7. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.4 – An Overview of Ancient Engineering
Covers timeline from 2000 B.C. to the present
Engineering the Temples of Greece
Parthenon-Completed in 438 B.C. (Athens, Greece)
Incorporated the concept of the Golden Rectangle and other subtle harmonies into its design.
The Roman Roads and Aqueducts
Construction began in 312 B.C.
Both involved many sophisticated civil engineering aspects

8. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.4 – An Overview of Ancient Engineering
The Great Wall of China
Construction commissioned in 220 B.C.
Modern Wall extends 1,700 miles from north to south
Ancient Wall estimated as 3,080 miles long
Served as protection from nomadic hordes to the west.

9. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.6 – A Case Study of Two Historic Engineers
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
A true renaissance man
Seemed to know everything that was knowable in his time
Because he could not read Latin, he was forced to rely solely on his own observations of the world around him as he worked on improving the environment around him.
Worked as an artist, sculptor, architect, in addition to engineering.

10. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.6 – A Case Study of Two Historic Engineers
Gutenberg ( ) and his Printing Press
He printed the first book, a Bible, in 1455
The Printing Press allowed man to use, appreciate and disseminate information as never before
China had Printing Press technology as early as the 11th century, but never used it for any form of mass production

11. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Aerospace Engineering
Concerned with engineering applications in both aeronautics (science of air flight) and astronautics (science of space flight)
Represents the field of any future interplanetary travel
Has traditionally had strong ties to the defense industry

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Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Agricultural Engineering
In 1900, a large percentage of the working population was engaged in agriculture.
As technology and engineering were introduced into agriculture, the number of workers involved in agriculture reduced to less than 5%

13. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Chemical Engineering
One of the newer disciplines, began in late 1910s
Chemical Engineering Definition:
Chemical Engineering applies chemistry to industrial processes which change the composition/properties of an original substance for useful purposes.

14. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Civil Engineering The oldest of all engineering disciplines, dates back to ancient times, though the term “civil engineering” only dates back to early 1700s. Today’s civil engineers focus on structures, water resources, transportation, the environment, and geotechnical issues, among many others, making Civil Engineering one of the broadest of all engineering branches.

15. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Computer Engineering
Combines elements of electrical engineering and computer science into the design of computers and computer components.
Computer Engineering is distinguished from Computer Science in that it has a much greater emphasis on the hardware involved in computing

16. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Electrical Engineering
“The Whole of Electrical Engineering is based on magnetic and electrical phenomenon. -Dunsheath 1962
Largest Branch of engineering, employing over 400,000 engineers
Specialty areas include electronics, solid-state circuitry, communication systems, computers and automatic control, instrumentation and measurements, power generation/transmission, and industrial applications.

17. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Mechanical Engineering
Its importance parallels the rise of the Industrial Revolution that started in the 1700s.
Today, Mechanical Engineering produces the highest number of Bachelors of Science degrees each year of all engineering disciplines.

18. Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1
Chapter 1: The History of Engineering Section 1.7 – The History of the Disciplines
Questions to Think About:
What new Engineering disciplines have evolved in the last 10 years?
What new disciplines will evolve in the next years?