1. Finding the Truth: An Investigation into the Use of Rhetoric in Thucydides Research by: Eryn Pritchett | History Department, Murray State University | Faculty Mentor: Dr. Aaron Irvin
What is Rhetoric?
Who was Thucydides?
The basic structure of a rhetorical speech was composed of an introduction, narration, proofs, and finally a conclusion.
Growing up in Athens at the height of the classical era, the historian Thucydides was a soldier, a statesman, and also a rhetorician.
win any argument regardless of the facts
Obvious flaws connected with rhetoric
make the weaker argument the stronger
There are numerous speeches in his work; in fact there are one hundred and forty-one speeches, both in direct and indirect discourse.
Eikos: Argument from Probability
“A Possession for All Time”
Types of Rhetoric
Epideictic Oratory
meant for display
Forensic Oratory
prove guilt or innocence
Deliberative Oratory
support or reject an idea
Mytilenian Debate
A debate over the fate of Mytilene
Cleon: defender of the order to execute
Diodotus: condemned the decision to execute
Cleon’s introduction: Attack on rhetoric
Diodotus’ introduction: “successful orators would be least tempted to sacrifice their convictions for popularity.”
Cleon’s narration: Cleon condemned Athens for allowing a clever debate to blind them to the facts, “being as quick in catching an argument as
you are slow in foreseeing its consequences.”
Diodotus’ narration: He stated that it is not justice that they seek, “but how to make the Mytilenians useful to Athens.”
Cleon’s proofs: they will “rebel upon the slightest pretext; when the reward of success is freedom and the penalty of failure nothing so very
terrible?”
Diodotus’ proofs: “I consider it far more useful for the preservation of our empire to put up with injustice voluntarily, then to put to death, however justly, those whom it is our interest to keep alive.”
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
one of the only epideictic speeches to have survived the tests of time.
Introduction: “for it is hard to speak properly upon a subject where it is even difficult to convince your hearers that you are speaking the truth.”
Narration: Praises the Dead and the city of Athens
Proofs: the greatness of Athens linked to the war dead. Their legacy was held in those who lived on; that courage led to freedom and gained eternal happiness.
Conclusion: an exhortation to the living. Then, he reminded his audience that only the most noble of citizens serve the state, a call to action to those who might want to continue this legacy.
Thucydides was trying to persuade the reader of the greatness of Athens during the time of Pericles.
Melian Dialogue
A response to open hostility felt by Athens from the colony of Melos.
Introduction: the Melians had two choices: war or slavery
the Athenians were concerned with the future of Melos
Narration: Melians: “it is natural and excusable for men in our position to turn more ways than one, both in thought and utterance.”
Athenians: “since you known as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.”
Proofs: a continual debate between Athens giving reasons why Melos should surrender and the Melians begging them to reconsider.
Conclusion: Melians decided to refuse the Athenian offer and accept nothing more than friendly neutrality. Athens claimed that Melos had “staked most on, and trusted most in, the Spartans, your fortune, and your hopes, so will you be most completely deceived,” and began their siege on Melos.
In a clear act of hubris, the Athenians slaughtered an entire colony, leading them to their ultimate defeat at the Sicilian Expedition.