1. WATER

2. Hydrosphere
Any part of the Earth that contains water is part of the hydrosphere
On the surface, below the surface, above the surface

3. Properties of Water Structure
Made of Hydrogen and Oxygen covalently bonded
Hydrogen ends are positive
Oxygen ends are negative
Exists as a solid, liquid and gas in nature

4. POLAR MOLECULE – molecule that has electrically charged areas

5. PROPERTIES OF WATER All properties are due to the POLARITY of water
COHESION – attraction between water molecules
ADHESION – attraction of water molecules to other molecules

6. WATER MOLECULES are cohesive or stick to each other because of + and - charges
WATER MOLECULES are adhesive or stick to other molecules

7. CAPILLARY ACTION – combined force of the attraction of water molecules to each other and to molecules of surrounding materials
This allows water to climb up material or move through any material with pores

8. CAPILLARY ACTION
If you put a straw in water it climbs up the straw because water molecules attract to the molecules of the straw (adhesion) and pull other water molecules along also (cohesion)

9. SURFACE TENSION – tightness across the surface of water.
Caused by water molecules pulling on each other (cohesion)

10. Surface tension allows animals to walk on water
Surface tension is the reason why water forms curves shapes

11. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT – substances dissolve in water because it is polar
Water molecules attract to substances of other polar molecules (adhesion)
Universal solvent
Will not dissolve nonpolar substances

12. SPECIFIC HEAT – amount of heat needed to increase a certain mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
Water has a high specific – it heats up slowly
This is caused by the strong attraction between water molecules (cohesion)

14. Heat of Vaporization Amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into a gas
Water has a high heat of vaporization because water molecules stick to each other (cohesion)

15. DENSITY relationship between mass and volume D= Mass/Volume
“stuff inside of something”
D= Mass/Volume
Density of water is 1g/ml
To float the density of the object must be less than the density of the fluid
Why would a piece of steel not float in water?

16. FLOATING AND SINKING Buoyancy – ability to float
Buoyant force – an upward force exerted by fluids
Opposite of gravity
Makes objects feel lighter

18. To make an object sink or float you can change its density.
Example – To make a sub sink, water fills flotation tanks (increasing density)
To make a sub float, water is pumped out of tanks and air is pumped in (decreasing density)

20. Both objects have the same mass
Both objects have the same mass. The one on the right floats because it takes up more space (volume) therefore displacing more water. By changing the volume its density was lowered.

21. Water on Earth
All living things need water either for body processes or shelter
Habitats – a place where an organism lives
More life in aquatic habitats (water) than terrestrial (land)

22. Where is the water on Earth?
97% of the water on earth is salt water (oceans, seas)
Earth mostly covered by one big ocean

23. The remaining 3% is fresh water
just over ¾ (76%) of fresh water is ICE
Nearly ¼ (23%) is ground water – water found underground
The remaining 1% is in the atmosphere, lakes rivers or streams

25. The Water Cycle
Continuous process of water moving from the atmosphere to earth and back

26. 3 major steps Evaporation – L to G on the surface
Transpiration – plants giving off water vapor
Water enters the atmosphere via these processes
Condensation – G to L , water vapor cools as it rises and clumps with dust to form clouds
Precipitation – water falling back to Earth
When clouds get “heavy enough” water falls
Rain, sleet, snow or hail

27. Water cycle is continuous
Renews fresh water supply
Keeps amount of water on Earth constant

28. Surface Water
River Systems – a river and all of its TRIBUTARIES – small river that feeds a main river
Rivers are supplied by
WATERSHEDS – land area that supplies water to a river system

29. Know the following terms: headwaters, tributary, mouth,

30. Watersheds of NC

31. Water Underground
Water that has trickled down between particles of soil and rocks
Permeable – material that has pores, allows stuff to pass through
Impermeable – has no pores, will not allow stuff to pass thorugh

32. Water Zones
Saturated zone – layer of soil or rock that is filled with water
Water Table – top of the saturated zone
Unsaturated zone – above the water table, not filled with water

34. Using Groundwater
AQUIFERS – any layer of underground rock or sediment that holds water
Found above an impermeable layer
Water is constantly moving (gravity)
Provides drinking water
To use the water we drill wells
Must drill below the water table