1. TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS
Mussolini
Hitler
Stalin

3. TOTALITARIANISM Phenomenon in between wars Mass Politics
Communication – motion pictures, radio
Irrational ideologies
Anti-Semitism, glorification of violence, extreme nationalism
Social Darwinism – racists, domination of the “weaker”

4. TOTALITARIANISM 1920’s – 1930’s
Complete control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of people’s lives
Totalitarian Tyranny – Fascism, Nazism, and Communism – “Feuding Brothers” with a common father – WAR
- Elie Halevy – Era of Tyrannies

5. POST-WAR ITALY Italia Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy”
Italian Nationalism
Dissatisfied with the “spoils” of war
Victor Emmanuel III ( )
Parliamentary Democracy
Prime Minister

7. TOTALITARIANISM Political Muddle – no dominate political party
Peasants seized land
Industrial Strikes
Lack of democratic tradition
Threat of Communism
Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy

8. BENITO MUSSOLINI 1883-1945 Il Duce Italian Dictator (1922-1945)
School teacher, journalist, public speaker, political agitator
Fascism

9. THE FASCIST SYMBOL Comes from the Latin word fasces
In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe.
They symbolize unity and power.

10. DEFINTION
Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

11. CHARACTARISTICS Extreme right-wing ideology Ultra Nationalism
Class unity not Class struggle
Militarism – Glorification of Force
Use of Violence – suppress opposition
Subordination of individual to the state
Disdain for liberalism, communism, intellectuals, arts

12. CHARACTARISTICS Secret Police/Censorship One political party
World Conquest
Anti-capitalistic
Propaganda over truth
Modern technology – “mass politics” to lie & kill
Controlled Mass Media

13. CHARACTARISTICS Suppressed labor unions
Protected industrial and corporate aristocracy “Corporate State”
Censorship – state controlled mass media
Fraudulent elections, corruption
Cult of Personality

14. CORPORATE STATE CORPORATE STATE
“Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power.”
Fear of Socialism led many industrialists to back Mussolini ($$$$)
Goal – end class conflict, increase production, end strikes
Reality – destroyed workers’ rights

15. RISE TO POWER WEAK GOV’T = Order rather than some vague social justice
NATIONALISTIC APPEAL = Roman Empire – youth, veterans, army
ECONOMIC DISTRESS = high taxes WWI, unemployment, landless peasants, inflation
FEAR OF COMMUNISM = Bolshevik revolution

16. RISE TO POWER
“Black Shirts”-paramilitary group – ultra nationalists, ex-soldiers
Violently attacked socialists, communists, strikes, labor unions

17. MARCH ON ROME MARCH ON ROME – 1922 Threat of a coup d’etat
Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini Prime Minister
Elections laws altered – Fascists won 2/3rds vote
Mussolini ruled by decree – Single Party Dictatorship

18. OPPOSITION Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924)
Leader of the United Socialist Party
Led the campaign against Mussolini

19. THE CHURCH LATERAN ACCORDS (1929) Pope Pius XI
The creation of The Vatican City
$85 million
“Man of Providence”
“Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.”
-Mussolini

21. I believe in the high Duce, maker of the Black Shirts, And in Jesus Christ his only protector.
Our Savior was conceived by a good teacher and an industrious blacksmith.
He was a valiant soldier; he had some enemies.
He came down to Rome. On the third day, he reestablished the state.
He ascended into the high office.
He is seated at the right hand of our Sovereign.
From there, he has come to judge Bolshevism.
I believe in the wise laws, the Communion of Citizens, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of Italy and the eternal force. Amen.

23. CULT OF PERSONALITY Youth Movement
“I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my country……I believe in the genius of Mussolini…and in the resurrection of the Empire."

24. CULT OF PERSONALITY Education “Make Way for Youth”
"War is to the male what childbearing is to the female.“
“Believe, Obey, Fight”
Women tax credits for more children

25. CULT OF PERSONALITY Racial Laws 1938 Social Darwinism
Strong nation vs. weak
Strong race vs. weak
Anti-Semitism?

27. CULT OF PERSONALITY
“Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our hearts.”

30. SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939) First Spanish Republic (1873-1887)
Monarchy ( )
Military Dictatorship ( )
Second Republic ( )
Political fragmentation – communists, anarchists, monarchists, fascists, republicans

32. SPANISH CIVIL WAR Popular Front – Coalition
Francisco Franco ( )
Caudillo – “Leader”
Spanish General – coup d’etat
Right-Wing Falange Party (Nationalists)
Aided by Mussolini and Hitler
Republicans – supported by Stalin

34. GUERNICA (1937) -Pablo Picasso

35. SPANISH CIVIL WAR Dress rehearsal for WWII Tested new weapons
Mussolini sent 70,000 troops (Nationalists)
Hitler sent the latest planes & armaments
Stalin sent volunteers to support the Republican cause
US, FRANCE, GB, - non-intervention

36. Salvador Dali (1936)
Soft Construction with Beans

37. FRANCISCO FRANCO
“One State! One Country! One Chief! Franco! Franco! Franco!
Generalisimo “commander in chief”
Criticism = Treason
Universal Suffrage – eliminated
Political Parties outlawed
Catholic Church restored

38. SPANISH CIVIL WAR WAS A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WWII