1. General Biology lab
Lab 4
(The Cell (Part A

2. Definition
The word cell comes from the Latin word "cella", meaning "small room".
The cell
is the basic unit of all living things
They are often referred to as "the building blocks of life".

3. Of Cell Characteristics
Several characteristics that are common to all cells, such as the presence of a cell membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes, not all cells are the same.
Cells arise from other cells through cellular division.
Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

4. Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Bigger and complex
Smaller and simpler
Genetic material is enclosed by nuclear membrane .
The nuclear material is not envelope by nuclear membrane
Contain organelles
Lack of many organelles
Plant , Animal , Fungi and protists
Eubacteria and Archeabacteria
Multicellular
Single cell
Ribosomes 80s s+60s
Ribosomes 70s s +50s
100 µm in size
10 µm in size

6. Bacterial cell Bacteria Habitat of bacteria
are microscopic, single celled prokaryotic cells.
Habitat of bacteria
Bacteria can be found virtually everywhere.
They are in the air, the soil, and water, and in and on plants and animals

7. Some bacteria cause disease, but most are actually helpful.
Because of their small size, it is impossible to see details inside bacterial cell with the light microscope.

8. Shape of bacteria
Rods
Sphere
Spirals

9. They generally consist of Plasma membrane :
The laminar structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of all cells .
DNA
This single chromosome is located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid
Ribosomes
This organelle is where the last stages of protein synthesis take place.

10. Flagella Cell wall The cytoplasm
Some bacteria also have tail-like structures called flagella help bacteria move.
Cell wall
made of peptidoglycan ,keeps the cell from exploding if it absorbs too much water. The flagella are attached to it.
The cytoplasm
The region located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It contains fluid with organelles.

12. Bacteria in yogurt

13. Kingdom Protista Include protozoa and algae . protozoa
Protozoa in Greek mean first animal .
Unicellular eukaryotes
Include Rhizopoda , Euglenozoa , Ciliphora .

14. Rhizopoda (Amoeba) Amoeba Habitat of Amoeba
Microscopic single celled(Unicellular) organisms that possess pseudopods.
Habitat of Amoeba
Free living organism found in fresh water .

15. Amorphous cell
is a type of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape.
Lacks a rigid outer cell wall .
The nucleus in the center of the cell .

16. Movement Nutrition Move by pseudo pods (false feet)
Pseudo pods are the temporary protrusion formed by streaming of cytoplasm .
Nutrition
Pseudopods can also be used to engulf food in a process called phagocytosis

18. Euglenozoa (euglena) Euglena
Genus of single-celled flagellate protists
that possess eye spot (photoreceptor) is located near the site flagellum.

19. Movement
Move by flagellum (it is a long, thin, whip-like projection that is used for locomotion).
Nutrition
This genus can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic (Mixotrophic ).
These cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and they may also engulf food by phagocytosis when light not available

21. Ciliphora (paramecium)
Is a genus of unicellular ciliated protozoan
Known as “slipper animalcules”
Have two nucleolus
Habitat of paramecium
Paramecia are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often very abundant in ponds.

22. Movement
Paramecia propel themselves by whiplash movements of their cilia.
Cilia : hair-like structures which are arranged in tightly spaced rows around the outside of their body
Nutrition
They get their nutrients through phagocytosis.