1. Cellular Respiration

2. from Photosynthesis to Cell Respiration
What are the end products of Photosynthesis? _______________________
Why are these products important (how are they used)?
_______________________________________________

4. What is Cellular Respiration?
It is a PROCESS
ALL organisms (including plants) perform cell respiration!
Cellular Respiration is how every cell changes Glucose into ATP.
ATP is the cell’s energy molecule.
ATP is used by cells to perform ALL biological activities! (STRANGER-C)

5. Cellular Respiration
Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take place with or without oxygen present

6. Anaerobic - without oxygen
TWO TYPES
Cellular respiration is the process in which glucose is used to produce cell energy
This energy-releasing process takes place in ALL living cells (plant AND animal!)
Two types:
Aerobic - with oxygen
Anaerobic - without oxygen

7. What's happening?
During cell respiration, glucose is broken down to create a high-energy molecule called “ATP”
Carbon dioxide and water are waste products of this process
Hank - Cell Respiration

8. ATP is the energy molecule for ALL living organisms (plant AND animal)
SUNLIGHT TO ATP
During Photosynthesis, radiant energy is captured and stored in the bonds of Glucose
During Cell Respiration, the energy in Glucose is transferred to a molecule of Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
ATP is the energy molecule for ALL living organisms (plant AND animal)

9. CELL ENERGY (ATP) :
ALL organisms use Glucose to create a more “usable” form of energy called ATP
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
ATP is the energy molecule for ALL living things!
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

10. CELL ENERGY (ATP - ADP)
In the Mitochondria, ATP is converted to ADP when energy is needed
ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Breaking a Phosphate group off of ATP releases the energy that is stored in that bond
Adenine
Ribose
2 Phosphate groups

11. ATP to ADP AND BACK AGAIN
All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds —breaking the bond releases the energy
When the cell has energy to store it adds a phosphate group to ADP - producing ATP
When the cell needs energy for life processes, it breaks the bond holding the phosphate group and changes ATP back to ADP
Adding a bond stores energy
Breaking a bond releases energy

12. ATP to ADP AND BACK AGAIN
It’s almost like recharging your cell phone!

13. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
In most Eukaryotic organisms, cell respiration requires oxygen.
This is aerobic cellular respiration.
In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down completely into ATP, carbon dioxide and water.
This is an efficient process which makes 36 ATP molecules from one Glucose molecule aerobic exercise

14. Formula for Aerobic Cell Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 ----> H2O + CO ATP
1 Glucose molecule and 2 ATPs are needed to start the process
Aerobic (with oxygen) is very efficient! 1 Glucose makes 36 ATP molecules!

15. Do you notice something about this equation?
O2 + C6H12O6  H2O + CO2 + ATP
It’s the opposite of the Equation for Photosynthesis!
CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2

16. Plants and Animals Rely on each other!
Animals use:
Glucose (from producers/plants)
Oxygen (from producers/plants)
Plants use:
Carbon dioxide (from consumers/animals)
Water (from consumers/ animals)

17. **Cells that need more energy (muscle cells) have more mitochondria**
Where does this happen?
Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
(That's why we call this organelle the “mighty mitochondria – because it is the “powerhouse” of the cell!) mighty mouse saves the day
Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells.
**Cells that need more energy (muscle cells) have more mitochondria**

18. The mitochondria change the O2 and Glucose

19. Into CO2, H2O, and ATP
ATP

20. Glycolysis
Before aerobic cellular respiration can occur, an initial step, called glycolysis, takes place outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm
What do the letters “LYS” stand for????
__________________
“GLYC” stands for glucose…
What do you think Glycolysis means?
_______________________________

21. Remember…Glyco stands for “Glucose”...
Glycolysis
The Mitochondria are covered by a selectively permeable membrane
Glucose is too big to fit through the pores
In Glycolysis, the Glucose molecule is broken into two molecules of Pyruvate
Remember…Glyco stands for “Glucose”...
“lys” means destroy
This occurs in the cytoplasm

22. Glycolysis Remember Diffusion????
In order for the molecule to DIFFUSE, it has to FIT through the membrane!
So… Glucose has to be chopped in half!
It becomes two molecules of Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)

23. Which is a bigger, more complex molecule?
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, Glucose is broken down so it can diffuse into the mitochondria.
Which is a bigger, more complex molecule?
??????????
??????????

24. GLYCOLYSIS…
Glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid)
This step occurs before either anaerobic or aerobic cellular respiration
2 ATP are needed to “chop” glucose!
The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria, where aerobic cellular respiration occurs

25. Aerobic Cell Respiration
There are two steps which happen after glycolysis:
The Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC)
Both happen inside the mitochondria
Overall, at the end of these three steps, there is a net gain of 36 ATP molecules.

26. Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) requires oxygen
This is where Carbon Dioxide is formed
Think: Krebs = Carbon
This part of the process takes place in the mitochondria

27. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electrons are passed through the membrane of the mitochondria
They bind with 2 H+ ions and Oxygen to form a molecule of H2O
Remember? Bonding through dehydration synthesis!

28. Anaerobic Respiration
When there is no oxygen, cell respiration consists of two pathways:
Glycolysis and Fermentation.
Both of these occur in the cytoplasm and only produce 2 ATPs

29. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration is also called Fermentation
2 Types: Alcoholic & Lactic Acid

30. Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation is used in the baking and brewing industries
It occurs with yeast and bacteria, but will occur in animals (humans) under certain conditions
Depending on the organism, there are different end products from the breakdown of glucose

31. Anaerobic Respiration Equations (Fermentation)
In Plants (Yeast):
Pyruvate ---> Alcohol + CO2
In Animals (Bacteria & Muscle Cells):
Pyruvate ---> Lactic Acid

32. In Plants (yeast) Yeast is used in the baking and brewing industries
To make Bread, Beer and Wine
As yeast perform anaerobic respiration, they convert glucose into ethanol alcohol with CO2 as a bi-product

33. Bacteria & Muscles…. Bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
Bacteria convert glucose into lactic acid
The same happens in overworked muscle cells!
Ever feel the “burn” in your muscles after working out???
That’s Lactic Acid!

34. In Animals (humans!!!!)
Ever run in gym class and feel a burning in your legs?
How about lifting weights? Do your arm and chest muscles ever burn while you are working out?
That burning sensation is muscle fatigue – and it's caused by lactic acid build-up!

35. Muscle Fatigue
During exercise, muscle cells use oxygen faster than your body can supply it!
To get more energy, the muscle cells convert to anaerobic respiration
This causes a build up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue – acid “burns” and your muscles feel “sore”

36. Review Questions
What is cell respiration? ________________________________ ________________________________
The waste products of aerobic cell respiration are: ______________ & _______________
The energy from glucose is transferred by cell respiration into energy molecules called ___________
In what organelle does cell respiration occur? ____________

37. More....
The process of _______________ cellular respiration does NOT require oxygen.
The process of _______________ cellular respiration DOES require oxygen.
Another name for anaerobic cell respiration is ____________________.
The end products of fermentation are
____________ & either ____________ OR _____________