1. Individualistic theories of criminality

2. Activity
Reasons for committing a crime – ranking exercise (next slide)

3. Strongest Predictors of Crime (Ranked) Source: Loeber & Farrington, 1998
Rank in booklet in terms of importance
Criminal history Substance use
Family poverty Antisocial parents
Aggression
Psychological condition Parent-child relationship Social ties Problem behaviour School attitude/performance Medical/physical IQ Other family characteristics
Broken home Abusive parents Antisocial peers

4. Strongest Predictors of Crime (Ranked) Source: Loeber & Farrington, 1998
Criminal history Substance use
Rank 2
Family poverty Antisocial parents
Rank 3
Aggression
Rank 4
Psychological condition Parent-child relationship Social ties Problem behaviour School attitude/performance Medical/physical IQ Other family characteristics
Rank 5
Broken home Abusive parents Antisocial peers

5. Newspaper articles My child the murderer
Read through the case studies of killers and make notes on anything that may have caused them to turn to crime
Try to use the categories from the previous slide e.g. substance abuse

6. Individualistic theories definitions
Suggest the causes of crime relate to an individual’s characteristics and experiences
We will cover
Learning theories which focus on the role of rewards, punishments and role models
Psychological theories which emphasis the individual personality characteristics that are related to criminality
Psychodynamic theory which looks at the role of childhood trauma and unconscious forces in determining criminality

7. Individualistic explanation of criminality
Maternal deprivation
Separation from your mother early in life
Why might this experience lead someone to crime?
Based on the work of John Bowlby
Are mother’s necessary? (first 10 mins)

8. Bowlby – task Page 4 of booklet
What is the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?
What is meant by the term Affectionless Psychopathy?
Which research methods did Bowlby use?
Who were the participants?
How was data collected?
What were the findings?
What conclusions can you make about early childhood experiences and crime?

9. Extension: Should female criminals be allowed to raise their children in prison?

10. Learning theories
Suggest criminality is not innate but is learnt from our environment
Behaviourism
Believes we are born ‘blank slates’ and our interactions with our environment shape our subsequent behaviour
Our behaviour is determined by the consequences of our actions
Do the activity in the booklet on consequences
Our behaviour is determined by rewards(positive reinforcement) and punishments
Based on the early work of Skinner with animals

11. Positive Consequences Negative consequences
Behaviourism
List 10 possible consequences of criminal behaviour. (page 7 booklet) The consequences can be both positive and negative:
Positive Consequences
Negative consequences

12. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Activity : Place your examples under the appropriate heading. Remember positive reinforcements are rewards, whereas negative reinforcements remove something that the individual does not like.
Positive reinforcement 
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
A drug addict experiencing withdrawal symptoms injects themselves with heroine. As a consequence they remove unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

13. Operant conditioning Learning by the consequences of actions
If the consequences are positive we will be more likely to repeat the behaviour
Positive reinforcement occurs when our actions result in a pleasant consequence
E.g. committing a robbery and getting some cash
Negative reinforcement occurs when our behaviour results in something we find unpleasant being removed
A gang member who is taunted for being weak beats someone up
If we are punished we will be less likely to perform the behaviour again e.g. being fined for speeding

14. Does operant conditioning work on humans

15. Social Learning Theory
Behaviourists believed we learnt behaviour directly by receiving rewards and punishments ourselves
Social learning theorists suggest we can also learn behaviour indirectly(or vicariously) by watching other people(role models)
Explain how behaviour was learnt from others during the riots

16. Social Learning theory
people turn to crime because they have learnt to be criminal by observing and imitating role models
direct reinforcement- being rewarded for committing crimes
Indirect reinforcement (vicarious)– seeing others being rewarded for committing crimes

17. Bandura – Learning from others
Watch the video and make notes in your booklet

18. Complete the glossary in your booklet

19. Psychodynamic Theory

20. Psychological not Physical
An individuals criminal behaviour is determined by psychological conflicts of which they are largely unaware. (unconscious) Contrast with biological approach

21. Structure of Personality

22. Personality-Three parts of the mind
Id – (devil) first part to develop – selfish/impulsive (unconscious)
Superego (angel) – develops when we internalise rules of our same-sex parent at around 5 years of age - moralistic part of the mind/ perfectionist - feelings of guilt and shame
Ego (referee) – realistic part of the mind – balances the superego and ID

24. Development of the 3-part Personality
Id – instinctive drives, demands immediate satisfaction of needs, regardless of impact on others. Present from birth.
Ego - rational part of mind based on reality principle
Negotiates compromise between desires of id and reality
Delays gratification of id
Superego –
Develops at the Phallic stage of psychosexual development
Arises through identification with same-sex parent – internalise their moral standards via resolution of Oedipus / Electra complex

25. Complete the activity in your booklet on id, ego, superego

26. Defence Mechanisms
Ego develops strategies to protect conscious mind from threatening wishes
Repression
Threatening traumatic memories are repressed into the unconscious. These can emerge as emotional disorders in adult life.
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Displacement
When an unacceptable drive is displaced from its primary target to a more acceptable target e.g. hatred towards your mother is socially unacceptable so the child displaces it, for instance, on to a brother or sister.

27. Link between personality and criminality
If the ego is weakened, mental disorders can result from a dominant id or superego
If Id dominant this may lead to disorders such as conduct disorders in childhood and psychopathic (dangerously abnormal) behaviour in adulthood.
Inadequate superego
Weak superego – immoral or criminal behaviour more likely
Deviant superego – result of being raised by criminal child internalises parent’s morality
Over-harsh superego – excessive punishment in childhood leads to high levels of guilt. Individual may perform criminal acts in order to satisfy superego’s need for punishment

28. Complete the activity on Barry, Harry etc
One of them refers to a defence mechanism!

29. Psychological theories
Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality
Personality refers to patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that differ between individuals. These are relatively consistent from one situation to another and over time.
List all of the words that can be used to describe someone’s personality
Now underline those that you think apply to criminals

30. activity Go on the computers and measure your personality
Go onto this website
Once you have finished describe each personality characteristic
Describe Eysenck’s ideas of where these characteristics(traits) come from – biological basis

31. Biological basis
According to Eysenck our personality traits are biological in origin through the type of nervous system we inherit
Extraverts have an underactive nervous system which means they constantly seek excitement
They also tend not to learn from their mistakes
Introverts have an overactive nervous system and tend to avoid stimulating environments

32. The criminal personality
Neurotic-extravert
In addition they will score highly on psychoticism – a personality type that is characterised as cold, unemotional and prone to aggression

33. Film depictions of the criminal personality

34. Extension task Make up a life history of a criminal.
Make sure you include clues in their experiences which link to some or all of the concepts we have covered
Draw up a markscheme to answer the question
‘Explain, using your knowledge of individualist theories of criminality, how this person became involved in crime’(10 marks)

35. Work in 3s to create a quiz on your area in Kahoot
Three roles
Role
Responsibities
IT consultant
Firing up Kahoot and setting up the quiz
Quiz master
Ensuring quiz is successful, checking accuracy of answers, running the quiz, setting questions
Question setter
Creating questions and 4 possible answers