1. Chapter 22: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, and Special Populations
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Presentation revised and updated by
TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC
Humboldt State University

2. Objectives
Describe the incidence of amenorrhea in female athletes versus the general population
List those factors thought to contribute to “athletic” amenorrhea
Discuss the general recommendations for training during menstruation
List the general guidelines for exercise during pregnancy
Define “female athlete triad”

3. Objectives
Discuss the possibility that chronic exercise presents a danger to: 1. Cardiopulmonary system or 2. Musculoskeletal system of children
List those conditions in Type I diabetics that might limit their participation in a vigorous training program
Explain the rationale for the selection of an insulin injection site for Type 1 diabetics prior to a training session

4. Objectives
List the precautions that should be taken by asthmatics during a training session
Discuss the question “Does exercise promote seizures in epileptics?”

5. Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
Amenorrhea
Cessation of menstruation
Due to multiple factors
Amount of training
Psychological stress
Body composition

6. Exercise and Menstrual Disorders
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation
May limit training due to discomfort
No other reason to limit training during menstruation

7. The Female Athlete Triad
Amenorrhea
Eating disorders
Bone mineral loss

8. Incidence of Amenorrhea in Athletes
Fig 22.1

9. The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
State of starvation to reduce body weight
Bulimia
Pattern of overeating (binging) followed by vomiting (purging)

10. Warning Signs for Anorexia Nervosa
Fig 22.2

11. Warning Signs for Bulimia
Fig 22.3

12. Bone Mineral Disorders
Osteoporosis
Major causes:
Estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea
Inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders

13. Training During Pregnancy
Short-term, low-intensity exercise appears to be safe during pregnancy
Aquatic exercise may be a good choice
Long-duration, high-intensity exercise should be avoided

14. Sports Conditioning for Children
Cardiopulmonary system
Improvements in VO2max similar to that of adults
No risk of permanent cardiovascular damage as a result of training
Musculoskeletal system
Training may optimize growth in children
Concerns of damage to cartilage
Articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate

15. Location of the Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate
Fig 22.4

16. Competitive Training for Diabetics
Type 1 diabetics who are free from complications
Should not be limited in type or quantity of exercise
Safe participation depends on ability to avoid hypoglycemia

17. Training for Asthmatics
Asthmatics may safely participate in all sports with the exception of SCUBA diving
Provided that exercise-induced bronchospasm is controlled
SCUBA diving may be safe for those who have normal airways at rest and do not exhibit exercise-induced bronchospasm

18. Epilepsy and Physical Training
Mixed opinions on whether exercise induces seizures
Concern about injury
Blow to head causing a seizure
Injury during a seizure
Participation in exercise should be determined on a case-by-case basis
Depending on type of epilepsy and sport considered