1. 2
Theoretical Foundations of Security

2. Learning Objectives
Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals.
Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence.
Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement.

3. Theories of Crime Explanations of causation
Apply to all people and all crimes
Designed to associate cause and effect
Do not have to be absolute
Must be significant

4. Theories of Crime Theory guides practice.
If you know why, may be able to prevent
Provides foundation to understand actions and intentions from many perspectives
Not all inclusive

5. Why People Commit Crimes
Improper child rearing
Genetic makeup
Psychological or social processes
Greedy
Damaged biologically or psychologically

6. Rational Choice Assumes law violators are reasoning
Weigh cost vs. benefit of crime
Risk low, threat minimal?
May commit crime
Not always thought out based on poor perception
May risk if not fear consequences

7. It's in Your Makeup Criminals are not simply rational decision makers
Biochemical makeup
Food allergies and hormone imbalance
Brain damage
Parental example

8. It's in Your Mind Psychodynamic theory Behaviorism Cognitive approach
Disturbances in early development
Behaviorism
Repeat rewarded behavior
Avoid punished behavior
Cognitive approach
Difficulty processing

9. It's a Lack of Self-Control
Impulsivity causes criminal activity.
Low self-control makes people:
Shortsighted risk takers
Short-term horizons

10. Why People Commit Crimes
Social influences
Product of their social world
Environmental causes
Stress
Cultural transmission
Anomie

11. It's How You Were Raised Learning view Control view
People are either taught to be good citizens or criminals
Neutralization justifies criminal behavior
Control view
People taught to control our behavior
Develop a bond to society that would be broken if criminal

12. Multiple Causes/Multiple Crimes
Crime as a routine activity
Impulse
Driven by need
Psychologically disturbed
Greed and selfishness

13. A Crime Occurs When... A motivated offender Spots a tempting target
There are no guardians present to stop the offender or protect the target

14. The Crime Triangle Conceptualizing routine activities
Outer triangle identifies controllers for each element in inner triangle.
Crime occurs when outer triangle weakened or absent.
Controlling people
Reducing number of potential offenders

15. Figure 2–1 The Crime Triangle Source: “The Crime Triangle”, Center for Problem Oriented Policing,

16. Deterrence General deterrence Specific deterrence
Fear of punishment perception means lower crime rate
Swift and effective capture of violators
Specific deterrence
Severe punishment deters future crimes by specific criminals.
Diversion programs

17. Controlling Places
Crime increases where there is a lack of guardianship.
Maybe less secure, rare assets, or high value items
Private security supplements public law enforcement.

18. Situational Crime Prevention
Alter circumstances
Increase effort to commit crime
Increase risk of being caught
Reduce reward of crime
Reduce provocations/ temptations
Remove excuses to commit crime

19. Defensible Space
A person's demonstrated claim to a defined and shared residential territory diminishes with an increase in the number of people who share that claim
Newman's four factors
Territoriality
Natural surveillance
Image
Surroundings

20. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Reduce opportunities of fear and crime/improve quality of life
Two concepts
Residents affected by environment
Certain social characteristics keys to criminal behavior

21. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
CPTED core principles
Natural surveillance
Territorial reinforcement
Access control

22. Displacement and Diffusion
Key concepts of CPTED
Displacement
Displacing crime from one area relocates it to another
Less committed criminals may be discouraged

23. Displacement and Diffusion
Diffusion (of benefits)
Spread of beneficial crime reduction strategies beyond target
Seen in domino-effect context
Usually seen as more beneficial than displacement

24. Broken Windows Theory
Maintaining urban environments in well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and the escalation of more serious crime.
Property that is not maintained becomes fair game for people to steal, damage, or destroy just for fun.

25. Game Theory
Strategic decision making with mathematical approach to deploying resources
Limited resources deployed based on priorities
Maximize gains/minimize losses
Increase effectiveness and efficiency of security programs

26. Game Theory Assistant to Randomized Monitoring Over Routes (ARMOR)
Randomize checkpoints
Intelligent Randomization In Scheduling (IRIS)
Randomized deployment of Federal Air Marshals (FAMS)

27. Game Theory
Port Resilience Operational/Tactical Enforcement to Combat Terrorism (PROTECT)
Randomize Coast Guard patrolling
Game-theoretic Unpredictable and Randomly Deployed Security (GUARDS)
Under evaluation by Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

28. Game Theory
Tactical Randomization for Security in Transit Systems (TRUSTS)
Tested by Los Angeles Sheriff's Department (LASD)
U.S. Coast Guard PROTECT
Deployment not predictable

29. Learning Objectives
Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals.
Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence.
Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement.

30. Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals.
Theories of crime are explanations of causation that apply to all people and all crimes.
They offer perspectives on why some people turn to crime while others, given the same set of circumstances, remain law abiding.
Theories are designed to explain a significant association between a cause and effect.
If security professionals know why people commit crime then it would be possible to devise strategies to prevent it from occurring.

31. Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence.
General deterrence maintains that the faster, more sure, and more severe the punishment the less likely people will engage in crime.
Rational criminals fear being apprehended and punished.
Specific deterrence is complementary to, not necessarily opposite from general deterrence, and focuses on punishments that address the actions of the individual, and are not meant to affect or deter members of the public.
The intent is to hold the accused accountable and require them to fulfill their obligations to the community.

32. Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement.
Diffusion of benefits refers to the spread of a beneficial reduction in the effect of crime beyond the places, individuals, crimes, or time periods originally intended.
Displacement maintains that if we stop crime in one area, the criminals may simply move to areas with less-protected targets.