2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Users must work closely with IS professionals to define business needs, evaluate options, and select the hardware and software that provide a cost-effective solution to those needs.
Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system.
List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware.
Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.
Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

4. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.
Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives.
Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

5. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff.
Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

6. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life.
Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

7. Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Input devices
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
Control unit
Input devices
Output devices
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8. Hardware Components (continued)
Communications devices
Primary storage devices
Secondary storage devices
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9. Hardware Components (continued)
Figure 2.1: Computer System Components
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

10. Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity
System unit
Houses CPU and memory
All other devices are linked to the system unit
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11. Processing Characteristics and Functions
Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase
Clock speed: electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate
Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed at one time
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

12. Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)
Physical characteristics of the CPU
Digital circuits on chips
Electrical current flows through silicon
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

13. Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity
Table 2.1: Number of Bytes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

14. Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) ROM (read-only memory)
Temporary
Volatile
ROM (read-only memory)
Usually nonvolatile
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

15. Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel
Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a common problem
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

16. Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices
Also called permanent storage
Nonvolatile
Greater capacity and greater economy than memory
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17. Secondary Storage Access Methods
Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order
Sequential access storage devices (SASD)
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Direct access storage devices (DASDs)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

18. Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)
Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

19. SAN Storage area network
Provides high-speed connections between data-storage devices and computers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

20. SAN (continued) Figure 2.4: Storage Area Network
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

21. Secondary Storage Devices (continued)
CD-recordable (CD-R) discs
CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs
Digital versatile disc (DVD)
Memory cards
Expandable storage
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

22. Input Devices Personal computer input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Voice-recognition devices
Terminals
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

23. Input Devices (continued)
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Optical data readers
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

24. Input Devices (continued)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Radio-frequency identification
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

25. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

26. Output Devices (continued)
CRT monitors are large and bulky in comparison to LCD monitors (flat displays).
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

27. Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers
Thin client
Desktop computers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

28. Computer System Types (continued)
Workstations
Servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

29. Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions
Documentation: describes program functions
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs
Application software: helps users solve particular problems
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

30. Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization
Personal
Workgroup
Enterprise
Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

31. Systems Software: Operating Systems
Operating system (OS): set of programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications
Common hardware functions
Get input (e.g., keyboard)
Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks
Display information on a monitor or printer
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

32. Operating Systems (continued)
Figure 2.8: The role of the operating system and other systems software is as an interface or buffer between application software and hardware.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

33. Operating Systems (continued)
User interface
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system
Command-based user interface: uses text commands
Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

34. Operating Systems (continued)
Hardware independence
Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system
Memory management
Control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

35. Operating Systems (continued)
Processing tasks
Multitasking: more than one program running at the same time
Time-sharing: more than one person using a computer system at the same time
Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
Networking capability: features that aid users in connecting to a computer network
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

36. Operating Systems (continued)
Access to system resources
Protection against unauthorized access
Logons and passwords
File management
Ensures that files in secondary storage are
Available when needed
Protected from access by unauthorized users
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

37. Current Operating Systems
Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

38. Workgroup Operating Systems
Windows Server
UNIX
NetWare
Red Hat Linux
Mac OS X Server
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

39. Enterprise Operating Systems
z/OS
MPE/iX and HP-UX
Linux
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

40. Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose Devices
Palm OS
Windows Embedded
Windows Mobile
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

41. Application Software
Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks
Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform the tasks
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

42. Types and Functions of Application Software
Proprietary software: unique program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software: purchased software
Customized package
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

43. Personal Application Software
Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

44. Personal Application Software (continued)
Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

45. Workgroup Application Software
Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world
Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

46. Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire organization
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

47. Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements
Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language
Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

48. Software Issues and Trends
Software bugs
Program defects that keep it from performing correctly
Copyrights and licenses
Global software support
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

49. Summary
Hardware: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices
Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile
ROM (read-only memory): usually nonvolatile
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

50. Summary (continued) Sequential access: records retrieved in order
Direct access: records retrieved in any order
Computer programs: sequences of instructions
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs
Application software: helps users solve problems
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition

51. Summary (continued)
Operating system (OS): programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications
Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system
Programming languages: allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition